The Role of Work Engagement as Moderator of Perceived Stress toward Innovative Work Behavior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v1i1.25533Abstract
Previous studies stated that innovative work behavior is negatively affected by perceived stress and positively correlated with work engagement. Work engagement plays an essential role in reducing the effect of perceived stress. This study aims to determine the moderating role of work engagement between perceived stress and innovative work behavior. This research is cross-sectional non-experimental quantitative research. Data were collected among 263 healthcare workers using IWB-9, PSS-10, and UWES-9 as instruments. The data were analyzed with moderation using Hayes’s PROCESS program on SPSS Statistics v22.0.0. This study showed that Work Engagement has no significant role as a moderator on the effect of Perceived Stress on Innovative Work Behavior (t = .14; p = .89 > .05) on healthcare workers. The findings also implied that the negative antecedent variables do not affect innovative work behavior; therefore, the following studies should examine other positive variables on innovative work behavior.
References
References
Abushaikha, L. and Saca-Hazboun, H. (2009) Job Satisfaction and Burnout among Palestinian Nurses. Abushaikha, L. and Saca-Hazboun, H. (2009) Job Satisfaction and Burnout among Palestinian Nurses. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 15, 190-197.
Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Bin Saeed, B. (2018). Do nurses display innovative work behavior when their values match with hospitals' values?. European Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 157–171. doi:10.1108/ejim-01-2017-0007
Agarwal, G., Moaquera, M., Ring, M., & Victorson, D. (2019). Work engagement in medical students: An exploratory analysis of the relationship between engagement, burnout, perceived stress, lifestyle factors, and medical student attitudes. Medical Teacher.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1679746
Al-Omari, M. A., Choo, L. S., & Ali, M. A. M. (2019). Innovative Work Behavior: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 23(2).
Ali, H., Li, M., & Qiu, X. (2022). Employee Engagement and Innovative Work Behavior Among Chinese Millennials: Mediating and Moderating Role of Work-Life Balance and Psychological Empowerment. Frontiers Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942580
Alkano, R. Y. P. (2016). Inovasi Kualitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Instalasi Gawat Darurat Modern (Instagram) di IGD RSUD Dr. Iskak Kabupaten Tulungagung. [Skripsi Strata 1, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia], Univesitas Airlangga Repository
Anjum, A., & Zhao, Y. (2022). The impact of stress on innovative work behavior among medical healthcare professionals. Behav. Sci., 12, 340. Doi.org/10.3390/bs1209340
Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1542–1556. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1542
Azwar, S. (2012). Penyusunan skala psikologi (Edisi ke-2). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Azwar, S. (2013). Metode penelitian (Edisi ke-14). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. doi:10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2009). The crossover of daily work
engagement: Test of an actor–partner interdependence model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1562–1571. doi:10.1037/a0017525
Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research. USA: Psychology Press.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014).Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD-R Approach. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389-411
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2017-0207
Banihani, M., Lewis, P., & Syed, J. (2013). Is work engagement gendered? Gender in Management. An International Journal, 28, 400–423.
Bargagliotti, L. A. (2011). Work engagement in nursing: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(6), 1414–1428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05859.x
Binnewies, C., Ohly, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 432–455. doi:10.1080/13594320701514728
Blizzard R. (2005, December, 27) Nursing Engagement Key to Reducing Medical Errors: People more important than technology. Gallup Poll News Service.
http://www.gallup.com/poll/20629/Nurse-Engagement-Key-Reducing-MedicalErrors.aspx
Chang, L.-C., & Liu, C.-H. (2008). Employee empowerment, innovative behavior and job productivity of public health nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 1442-1448.
Chang, E. M., Daly, J. W., Hancock, K. M., Bidewell, J., Johnson, A., Lambert, V. A., & Lambert, C. E. (2006). The Relationships Among Workplace Stressors, Coping Methods, Demographic Characteristics, and Health in Australian Nurses. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(1), 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2005.12.00
Child Outcomes Research Consortium. (n.d.). Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10).
https://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/perceived-stress-scale-pss-10/
Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S. & Slaughter, J.E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review a test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. doi:10.4324/9780203771587
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Craig, J. T. (2015). Antecedents of individual innovative behavior: examining transformational leadership, creative climate, role ambiguity, risk propensity, and psychological empowerment. Dissertation: Faculty of California School of Preofessional Psychology, Alliant International University, Los Angeles.
De Jong, J. P. J., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2010) Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19, 23-36. Doi: 10.1111/j/1467-8691.2020.00547.x
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., De Witte, H., Niesen, W., & Van Hootegem, G. (2014). On the Relation of Job Insecurity, Job Autonomy, Innovative Work Behaviour and the Mediating Effect of Work Engagement. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(3), 318–330. doi:10.1111/caim.12079
Dediu, V., Leka, S., & Jain, A. (2018). Job demands, job resources and innovative work behaviour: a European Union study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(3), 310–323. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2018.1444604
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512
Dorenbosch, L. W., van Engen, M. L., & Verhagen, M. (2005). On-the-Job Innovation: The Impact of Job Design and Human Resource Management Through Production Ownership. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 129-141
https://ssrn.com/abstract=722246
El-Kassar, A. N., Dagher, G. K., Lythreatis, S., & Azakir, M. (2022). Antecedents and consequences of knowledge hiding: The roles of HR practices, organizational support for creativity, creativity, innovative work behavior, and task performance. Journal of Business Research, 140, 1-10.
Etikariena, A., & Ayuni, E. (2020). Peran Mediasi Keterikatan Kerja pada Hubungan antara Persepsi Dukungan Organisasi dengan Perilaku Kerja Inovatif. Jurnal Psikogenesis, 8(1).
Etikariena, A., & Muluk, H. (2014). Hubungan antara memori organisasi dan perilaku inovatif karyawan. Makara Hubs-Asia, 18, 77-88. doi: 10.7454/mssh.vl8i2.3463
Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering Statistics Using R. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988a). Coping as a Mediator of Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466–475.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988b). The Relationship between Coping and Emotion: Implications for Theory and Research. Social Science Medicine, 26(3), 309–317.
Frese, M., Teng, E., & Wijnen, C. J. D. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139–1155. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1139::aid-job946>3.0.co;2-i
Fridianto, A., & Wadullah, A. R. (2022, November 30). Inovasi dr Agung Sugiarto di RSUD Jombang, Raih Nakes Teladan Jawa Timur. Jawa Pos: Radar Jombang,
Gawke, J. C., Gorgievski, M. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). Employee intrapreneurship and work engagement: A latent change score approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 88–100. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.002
Gay, L.R. and Diehl, P.L. (1992) Research Methods for Business and Management. Mc. Millan Publishing Company, New York.
Getz, I., & Robinson, A. G. (2003). Innovate or die: Is that a fact?. Creativity and innovation management, 12, 130-136. doi: 10.1111/1467-8691.00276
Ghozali, I. (2011). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 19. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Gibson, J.L., Ivancevich, J.M., Donelly Jr, J.H., & Konopaske, R. (2012). Organization: Behavior, structure, process (14th Ed). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Gostautaite, B., et al. (2020). Healthcare professionals with calling are less likely to be burned out: the role of social worth and career stage. Career Development International, 25(6), 649-670.
Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L.-A. B. (2012). Research Methods for The Behavioral Sciences (4th ed.). USAL Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. G. (1981). The Nursing Stress Scale: Development of an instrument. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 3(1), 11–23. doi:10.1007/bf01321348
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976) Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
Hakanen, J. J., Perhonieumi, R. & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008) Positive gain spirals at work: from job resource to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior 73(1), 78–91.
Halbesleben, J.R. (2010) A Meta-Analysis of Work Engagement: Relationships with Burnout, Demands, Resources, and Consequences. In: Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P., Eds., Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Vol. 8, Psychology Press, New York, 102-117.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Hasanah, S. F., Suyasa, P. T. Y. S., & Dewi, F. I. (2019). Perilaku Kerja Inovatif ditinjau dari Modal psikologis, Tuntutan Kerja, dan Sumber Daya Pekerjaan. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v3i2.3353
Herzlinger, R.E. (2006). Why innovation in health care is so hard. Harvard Business Review, 5, 58-72. International Council of Nurses. (2009). Delivering quality, serving communities: nurses leading care innovation. ICN.
http://www.farmerhealth.org.au/sites/default/files/2009_International_Nurses_Day_PDF_437kb.pdf
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 287-302. doi: 10.1348/096317900167038
Jennings, B. (2008). Work stress and burnout among nurses: Role of the work environment and working conditions. In Hughes RD (Ed.), Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook: Vol 2. (pp. 137-158). Rockville (MD), USA: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Kanter, R. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom: structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 169-211
Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi. (2022, Juli 28). Inilah Top Inovasi Pelayanan Publik Terpuji Tahun 2022.
https://menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/inilah-top-inovasi-pelayanan-publik-terpuji-tahun-2022
Kessel, M., Hannemann-Weber, H., & Kratzer, J. (2012). Innovative work behavior in healthcare: The benefit of operational guidelines in the treatment of rare diseases. Health Policy, 105, 146-153.
Khan, M., & Dukhaykh, S. (2022). An Empirical Study of the Influence of Perceived Organizational Support, Leader Member Exchange and Proactive Personality on Turnover Intention and Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.10, No.4, pp.32-59
Kim, N., & Kang, S.-W. (2016). Older and More Engaged: The Mediating Role of Age-Linked Resources on Work Engagement. Human Resource Management, 56(5), 731–746. doi:10.1002/hrm.21802
Kim, W., & Park, J. (2017). Examining Structural Relationships between Work Engagement, Organizational Procedural Justice, Knowledge Sharing, and Innovative Work Behavior for Sustainable Organizations. Sustainability, 9(2), 205. doi:10.3390/su9020205
Kong, Y., & Li, M. (2018). Proactive personality and innovative behavior: The mediating roles of job-related affect and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 46(3), 431-446.
Kristiana, I. F., Fajrianthi., & Urip, P. (2018). Analisis Rasch dalam Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9) Versi Bahasa Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 17(2), 204-217.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Kurniati, A., & Efendi, F. (2012). Kajian SDM Kesehatan di Indonesia. SALEMBA MEDIKA.
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2019). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 100704. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704
Länsisalmi, H., Kivimäki, M., Aalto, P., & Ruoranen, R. (2006). Innovation in Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Recent Research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 19(1), 66–72. doi:10.1177/0894318405284129
Lee, S. H. (2008). The effect of employee trust and commitment on innovative behavior in the public sector: an empirical study. International Review of Public Administration, 13, 27-46. doi: 10.1080/12294659.2008.10805110
Leiter, M., & Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: The mediating role of burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 331-339.
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer Jr., D. W., Klar, J., & Lwanga, S. K. (1990). Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Li, H., Sajjad, N., Wang, Q., Muhammad Ali, A., Khaqan, Z., & Amina, S. (2019). Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees' Innovative Work Behavior in Sustainable Organizations: Test of Mediation and Moderation Processes. Sustainability, 11, 1594.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061594
Madebo, W., Yosef, T. T., & Tesfaye, M. S. (2016). Assessment of perceived stress level and associated factors among health science students at Debre Birehane University, North Shoa Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Health Care: Current Reviews 4: 166. doi: 10.4172/2375-4273.1000166
Miner, K. (2010). The four levels of innovation. Graziadio Business Review, 13(4). Media Indonesia. (2022, November 25). Inovasi Kesehatan Dukung Program Pemerintah Capai Kemandirian Nasional.
Nasrudin, E. 2010. Psikologi Manajemen. Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia.
Newton, T. J., & Keenan, A. (1985). Coping with Work-Related Stress. Human Relations, 38(2), 107–126. doi:10.1177/001872678503800202
Niesen, W., et al. (2018). Job Insecurity and Innovative Work Behaviour: A Psychological Contract Perspective. Psychologica Belgica, 57(4), pp. 174–189, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.381
Niesen, W., et al. (2018). Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity and Idea Generation: The Mediating Role of Psychological Contract Breach. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 3(1): 3, 1–14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.36
Notoatmodjo, S. 2010. Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Orth, M., & Volmer, J. (2017). Daily within-person effects of job autonomy and work engagement on innovative behaviour: The cross-level moderating role of creative self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 601-612.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1).
Patterson, F., Kerrin, M., & Gatto-Roissard, G. (2009). Characteristics & Behaviors of Innovative People in Organisations. London: City University
Peng, J.-C., & Tseng, M.-M. (2018). Antecedent and Consequence of Nurse Engagement. The Journal of Psychology, 1–18. doi:10.1080/00223980.2018.1536639
Periantalo, J. (2016). Penelitian kuantitatif untuk Psikologi. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar.
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 340/MENKES/PER/III/2010
Phillips, A. C. (2013). Perceived Stress. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1453-1454. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10/1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_479
Probst, T., Chizh, A., Hu, S., Jiang, L., & Austin, C. (2019). Explaining the relationship between job insecurity and creativity. Career Development International, 25(3), 247–270. doi:10.1108/cdi-04-2018-0118
Pukkeeree, P., Na-Nan, K., & Wongsuwan, N. (2020). Effect of Attainment Value and Positive Thinking as Moderators of Employee Engagement and Innovative Work Behaviour. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(69), 2-15. Doi:10.3390/joitmc6030069
Rahman, A. A. A., Panatik, S. A., & Alias, R. A. (2014). The influence of psychological empowerment on innovative work behavior among academia in Malaysian research universities. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 78, 108. doi: 10.7763/IPEDR.
Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational Behavior (15th Ed). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Santoso, S. (2014). Statistik parametrik (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Saleem, M., Tufail, M. W., Atta, A., & Asghar, S. (2015). Innovative Workplace Behavior, Motivation Level, and Perceived Stress among Healthcare Employees. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(2), 438-446.
Sari, R. E., & Arief, M. (2021). Factors Affecting Innovative Work Behavior and Health Worker Performance: The Role of Employee Engagement as a Moderating Variable. Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP), 4(3), 272-288.
Sari, D. K., Yudiarso, A., & Sinambela, F. C. (2020). Work Engagement and Innovative Work Behavior: Meta-Analysis Study. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 530.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Sergeeva, N., & Radosavljevic, M. (2012). Creative participation in construction firms: bridging creativity and innovation. Organization, technology, & management in construction: an international journal, 4, 490-506. doi: 10.5592/otmcj.2012.2.5
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. doi:10.1023/a:1015630930326
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315. DOI: 10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W., Leiter, M., & Maslach, C. (2008). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204-220. doi: 10.1108/13620430910966406
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A Critical Review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health. DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580–607. doi:10.2307/256701
Selye, H. (1973) The evolution of the stress concept. American Scientist, 61, 693-699.
Shah, S., Jaffari,A., Aziz, J., Ejaz, W., Ul-haq, I., Raza, S. (2011). Workload and performance of employees. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(5), 256-267
Siu, O., Lu, J., Brough, P., Lu, C., Bakker, A. B., Kalliath, T., O'Driscoll, M., Phillips, D. R., Chen, W.-Q., Lo, D., Sit, C., & Shi, K. (2010). Role resources and work–family enrichment: The role of work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(3), 470–480. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.06.007
Sulistiawan, J., & Andyani, D. (2020). Psychological Contracts, Innovative Work Behavior, and Knowledge Sharing Intention: The Role of Work Engagement and Job Resources. Journal of Applied Managemen (JAM), 18(4), 741-753
Takawira, N., Coetzee, M., & Schreuder, D. (2014). Job embeddedness, work engagement and turnover intention of staff in a higher education institution: An exploratory study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1). doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v12i1.524
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2008). Exposure to stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. Diakses dari: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/pdfs/2008-136.pdf
Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. (2001). Managing Innovation: Integrating
Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2657–2669. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.798921
Van Mol, M. M. C., Nijkamp, M. D., Bakker, J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Kompanje, E. J. O. (2018). Counterbalancing work-related stress? Work engagement among intensive care professionals. Australian Critical Care, 31(4), 234–241. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2017.05.001
Vilela, N. G. S. & Casado, T. (2021). Career stages in management studies: a systematic review of scientific production from 2011 to 2020. Revista de Gestao Emerald Publishing Limited. https://www.emerald.com/insight/2177-8736.htm
Wan, Q., Li, Z., Zhou, W., & Shang, S. (2018). Effects of work environment and job characteristics on the turnover intention of experienced nurses: The mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(6), 1332–1341. doi:10.1111/jan.13528
Wang, X., Zhang, Z., & Chun, D. (2021). How Does Mobile Workplace Stress Affect Employee Innovative Behavior? The Role of Work-Family Conflict and Employee Engagement. Article: behavioral sciences. doi: doi.org/10.3390/bs12010002.
West, M. A., & Wallace, M. (1991). Innovation in health care teams. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21(4), 303–315. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420210404
Widhiarso, W. (2010). Membuat Kategori Skor Hasil Pengukuran dari Skala. Fakultas Psikologi. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Wu, T.-J., & Wu, Y. J. (2019). Innovative work behaviors, employee engagement, and surface acting. Management Decision. doi:10.1108/md-02-2018-0196
Yang, K., Zhou, L., Wang, Z., Lin, C., & Luo, Z. (2019). Humble Leadership and Innovative Behavior Among Chinese Nurses: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement. Journal of Nursing Management. doi:10.1111/jonm.12879
Zhong, Z., Hu, D., Zheng, F., Ding, S., & Luo, A. (2018). Relationship between information-seeking behavior and innovative behavior in Chinese nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 63, 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.01.004