In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemia effects of extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) leaves
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v14i3.28263Keywords:
Glucose, sugar, starch, glucosidase, amilase, Sterculia quadrifida.Abstract
Despite the availability of various conventional treatments, diabetes mellitus remains a serious global health concern with an increasing prevalence. This trend underscores the need to explore potential natural alternatives. Faloak, an indigenous plant of Indonesia, has been traditionally used for various health conditions, yet its potential as an anti-hyperglycemic agent has not been comprehensively investigated. This research focused on identifying the ingredients of Faloak leaves that could lower blood sugar levels and confirm these effects in laboratory and animal models. At various concentrations, the in vitro evaluation assessed the inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. For in vivo evaluation, male mice were administered glucose, sucrose, and starch after being pretreated with Faloak leaf extract, and their blood glucose levels were monitored for 120 min. Faloak leaf extract demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The IC50 values for sucrose and maltose inhibition were 30.37 and 65.36 mg/mL, respectively, while α-amylase inhibition showed an IC50 of 27.02 mg/mL. In the in vivo test, mice pretreated with the extract exhibited significantly decreased blood glucose levels at 120 min compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Faloak leaves possesses promising anti-hyperglycemic activities, positioning it as a potential candidate for developing plant-based blood glucose management. Our results demonstrate that Faloak leaf extract exhibits substantial anti-hyperglycemic properties, inhibiting vital digestive enzymes and effectively reducing postprandial glucose levels. Identifying active ingredients paves the way for further research to elucidate specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action
References
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Alssema, M., Ruijgrok, C., Blaak, E. E., Egli, L., Dussort, P., Vinoy, S., Dekker, J. M., & Denise Robertson, M. (2021). Effects of alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting drugs on acute postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition & Diabetes, 11(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-021-00152-5
American Diabetes Association. (2022). Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-Sint
Arrisujaya, D., Susanty, D., & Kusumah, R. R. (2019). Skrining fitokimia dan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak aseton dan etil asetat biji buah bisbul (Diospyros discolor tumbuhan endemik Bogor. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, 3(2), 130–136.
Benedé-Ubieto, R., Estévez-Vázquez, O., Ramadori, P., Cubero, F. J., & Nevzorova, Y. A. (2020). Guidelines and considerations for metabolic tolerance tests in mice. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 439–450. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S234665
Bhernama, B. G. (2020). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol rumput laut Gracilaria sp asal Desa Neusu Kabupaten Aceh Besar. AMINA, 2(1), 1–5.
Chaimum-aom, N., Chomko, S., & Talubmook, C. (2017). Toxicology and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Thai medicinal plant used for diabetes controls, Phyllanthus acidus L. (Euphorbiacea). Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.1.11
Darojati, U. A., Murwanti, R., & Hertiani, T. (2022). Sterculia quadrifid R.Br: A comprehensive review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v7i1.52244
Das, S. K., Samanta, L., & Thatoi, H. (2016). In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of leaf and stem bark extracts of a mangrove plant, Xylocarpus granatum. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 22(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2015.1057352
Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A., & Silva, A. M. S. (2021). Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules, 26(5377), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175377
Dillak, H. I., Kristiani, E. B. E., & Kasmiyati, S. (2019). Secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida). Biosaintifika, 11(3), 296–303
Dilworth, L., Facey, A., & Omoruyi, F. (2021). Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: The role of adipose tissues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7644), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147644
El-Sherei, M. M., Ragheb, A. Y., Kassem, M. E. S., Marzouk, M. M., Mosharrafa, S. A., & Saleh, N. A. M. (2016). Phytochemistry, biological activities and economical uses of the genus Sterculia and the related genera: A reveiw. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(6), 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61075-7
Endah, S. R. N. (2017). Pembuatan ekstrak etanol dan penapisan fitokimia ekstrak etanol kulit batang sintok (Cinnamomun sintoc Bl.). Jurnal Hexagro, 1(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.36423/hexagro.v1i2.95
Fernandez, S., & Edel, E. (2017). Effect of extract ethanol leather Faloak rubber (Sterculia sp.) to decrease of blood glucoasa content in glucose induction. Jurnal Info Kesehatan, 15(1), 129–136.
Fransisca, F., Kalangi, G. E., Candrasari, D. S., & Hendra, P. (2018). The effect of Pasak Bumi roots towards blood glucose level in glucose-loaded mice. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community), 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.00965
Gunawan-Puteri, M. D. P. T., Rustandi, F., & Hendra, P. (2018). Spray dried aqueous extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) exhibits in vitro dan in vivo anti hyperglycemic activities. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 15(2), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.1521531
Hendra, P., Rizki, N., & Safitri, E. (2021). Antihyperglycemic activities of uli banana leaves on oral sugar tolerance. Journal of Functional Food and Nutraceutical, 2(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.33555/jffn.v2i2.59
International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th edition). International Diabetes Federation.
Julianus, J., Gunawan-Puteri, M. D. P. T., Wiwengku, R. T. P., Setiawati, A., & Hendra, P. (2023). In vitro and in vivo anti hyperglycemic evaluation of Sterculia quadrifida bark through the inhibition of alpha glucosidase. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 20(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.005153
Katja, D. G. (2020). Fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kulit batang Chisocheton sp. (C.DC) Harms (Meliaceae). CHEMISTRY PROGRESS, 13(2), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.13.2.2020.31672
Luyen, N. T., Dang, N. H., Binh, P. T. X., Hai, N. T., & Dat, N. T. (2018). Hypoglycemic property of triterpenoid saponin PFS isolated from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(3), 2881–2886. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170945
Ogunyemi, O. M., Gyebi, G. A., Saheed, A., Paul, J., Nwaneri-Chidozie, V., Olorundare, O., Adebayo, J., Koketsu, M., Aljarba, N., Alkahtani, S., Batiha, G. E.-S., & Olaiya, C. O. (2022). Inhibition mechanism of alpha-amylase, a diabetes target, by a steroidal pregnane and pregnane glycosides derived from Gongronema latifolium Benth. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 9(86799), 1–19.
Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. (2021). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dewasa di Indonesia—2021. PB Perkeni. https://pbperkeni.or.id/unduhan
Puteri, M. D. P. T. G., Tjiptadi, F. M., Hendra, P., & Santoso, F. (2020). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) ethanolic extract exhibited activities that inhibit α -glucosidase enzymes and postprandial blood glucose elevation. Makara Journal of Science, 24(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.7454/mss.v24i4.1154
Radjah, S. Y., Setio Putri, K. S., & Elya, B. (2021). Elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol and determination of total flavonoids and pharmacognosy study of Faloak plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.97
Rahimi-Madiseh, M., Malekpour-Tehrani, A., Bahmani, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2016). The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications. Asian Pac. J. of Trop. Med., 9(9), 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.001
Rollando, R., Warsito, W., Masruri, M., & Widodo, W. (2020). Potential therapeutic use of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br and Sterculia foetida Linn.: Review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 19(4), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2020.325.334
Sato, V. H., Chewchinda, S., Goli, A. S., Sato, H., Nontakham, J., & Vongsak, B. (2023). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) evidence for the postprandial anti-hyperglycemic property of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss seed extract. Molecules, 28(6775), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196775
Shamsudin, N. F., Ahmed, Q. U., Mahmood, S., Shah, S. A. A., Sarian, M. N., Khattak, M. M. A. K., Khatib, A., Sabere, A. S. M., Yusoff, Y. M., & Latip, J. (2022). Flavonoids as antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agents: A review on structural activity relationship-based studies and meta-analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12605), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012605
Sieniawska, E. (2015). Activities of tannins – from in vitro studies to clinical trials. Natural Product Communications, 10(11), 1877–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501001118
Siswadi, S., Rianawati, H., Saragih, G. S., & Hadi, D. S. (2014). The potency of Faloak’s (Sterculia quadrifida, R.Br.) active compounds as natural remedy. International Seminar Proceedings “Forests & Medicinal Plants for Better Human Welfare,” 1, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3353788
Siswadi, S., & Saragih, G. S. (2021). Phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. AIP Conference Proceedings 2353, 030098 (2021), 030098. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0053057
Sornalakshmi, V., Tresina, S. P., Paulpriya, P., Packia, L. M., & Mohan, V. R. (2016). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal control and glucose induced hyperglycemic rats with hedyotis leschenaultiana DC. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 8(1), 59–62.
Susanto, F. H. (2019). Potensi fraksi aktivitas antibakteri dan antiradikal dari kulit batang Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br). Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi, 23(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v23i1.6463
Tzanova, M., Atanasov, V., Yaneva, Z., Ivanova, D., & Dinev, T. (2020). Selectivity of current extraction techniques for flavonoids from plant materials. Processes, 8(1222), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101222
Weng, L., Chen, T., Huang, L., Lai, D., Kang, N., Fu, Y., & Weng, C. (2021). A nutraceutical combination of cinnamon, purple onion, and tea linked with key enzymes on treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13971
Ali, R. B., Atangwho, I. J., Kuar, N., Ahmad, M., Mahmud, R., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2013). In vitro and in vivo effects of standardized extract and fractions of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits pericarp on lead carbohydrate digesting enzymes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-39
Alssema, M., Ruijgrok, C., Blaak, E. E., Egli, L., Dussort, P., Vinoy, S., Dekker, J. M., & Denise Robertson, M. (2021). Effects of alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting drugs on acute postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition & Diabetes, 11(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-021-00152-5
American Diabetes Association. (2022). Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-Sint
Arrisujaya, D., Susanty, D., & Kusumah, R. R. (2019). Skrining fitokimia dan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak aseton dan etil asetat biji buah bisbul (Diospyros discolor tumbuhan endemik Bogor. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, 3(2), 130–136.
Benedé-Ubieto, R., Estévez-Vázquez, O., Ramadori, P., Cubero, F. J., & Nevzorova, Y. A. (2020). Guidelines and considerations for metabolic tolerance tests in mice. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 439–450. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S234665
Bhernama, B. G. (2020). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol rumput laut Gracilaria sp asal Desa Neusu Kabupaten Aceh Besar. AMINA, 2(1), 1–5.
Chaimum-aom, N., Chomko, S., & Talubmook, C. (2017). Toxicology and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Thai medicinal plant used for diabetes controls, Phyllanthus acidus L. (Euphorbiacea). Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.1.11
Darojati, U. A., Murwanti, R., & Hertiani, T. (2022). Sterculia quadrifid R.Br: A comprehensive review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v7i1.52244
Das, S. K., Samanta, L., & Thatoi, H. (2016). In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of leaf and stem bark extracts of a mangrove plant, Xylocarpus granatum. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 22(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2015.1057352
Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A., & Silva, A. M. S. (2021). Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules, 26(5377), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175377
Dillak, H. I., Kristiani, E. B. E., & Kasmiyati, S. (2019). Secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida). Biosaintifika, 11(3), 296–303
Dilworth, L., Facey, A., & Omoruyi, F. (2021). Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: The role of adipose tissues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7644), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147644
El-Sherei, M. M., Ragheb, A. Y., Kassem, M. E. S., Marzouk, M. M., Mosharrafa, S. A., & Saleh, N. A. M. (2016). Phytochemistry, biological activities and economical uses of the genus Sterculia and the related genera: A reveiw. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(6), 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61075-7
Endah, S. R. N. (2017). Pembuatan ekstrak etanol dan penapisan fitokimia ekstrak etanol kulit batang sintok (Cinnamomun sintoc Bl.). Jurnal Hexagro, 1(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.36423/hexagro.v1i2.95
Fernandez, S., & Edel, E. (2017). Effect of extract ethanol leather Faloak rubber (Sterculia sp.) to decrease of blood glucoasa content in glucose induction. Jurnal Info Kesehatan, 15(1), 129–136.
Fransisca, F., Kalangi, G. E., Candrasari, D. S., & Hendra, P. (2018). The effect of Pasak Bumi roots towards blood glucose level in glucose-loaded mice. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community), 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.00965
Gunawan-Puteri, M. D. P. T., Rustandi, F., & Hendra, P. (2018). Spray dried aqueous extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) exhibits in vitro dan in vivo anti hyperglycemic activities. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 15(2), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.1521531
Hendra, P., Rizki, N., & Safitri, E. (2021). Antihyperglycemic activities of uli banana leaves on oral sugar tolerance. Journal of Functional Food and Nutraceutical, 2(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.33555/jffn.v2i2.59
International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th edition). International Diabetes Federation.
Julianus, J., Gunawan-Puteri, M. D. P. T., Wiwengku, R. T. P., Setiawati, A., & Hendra, P. (2023). In vitro and in vivo anti hyperglycemic evaluation of Sterculia quadrifida bark through the inhibition of alpha glucosidase. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 20(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.005153
Katja, D. G. (2020). Fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kulit batang Chisocheton sp. (C.DC) Harms (Meliaceae). CHEMISTRY PROGRESS, 13(2), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.13.2.2020.31672
Luyen, N. T., Dang, N. H., Binh, P. T. X., Hai, N. T., & Dat, N. T. (2018). Hypoglycemic property of triterpenoid saponin PFS isolated from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(3), 2881–2886. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170945
Ogunyemi, O. M., Gyebi, G. A., Saheed, A., Paul, J., Nwaneri-Chidozie, V., Olorundare, O., Adebayo, J., Koketsu, M., Aljarba, N., Alkahtani, S., Batiha, G. E.-S., & Olaiya, C. O. (2022). Inhibition mechanism of alpha-amylase, a diabetes target, by a steroidal pregnane and pregnane glycosides derived from Gongronema latifolium Benth. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 9(86799), 1–19.
Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. (2021). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dewasa di Indonesia—2021. PB Perkeni. https://pbperkeni.or.id/unduhan
Puteri, M. D. P. T. G., Tjiptadi, F. M., Hendra, P., & Santoso, F. (2020). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) ethanolic extract exhibited activities that inhibit α -glucosidase enzymes and postprandial blood glucose elevation. Makara Journal of Science, 24(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.7454/mss.v24i4.1154
Radjah, S. Y., Setio Putri, K. S., & Elya, B. (2021). Elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol and determination of total flavonoids and pharmacognosy study of Faloak plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.97
Rahimi-Madiseh, M., Malekpour-Tehrani, A., Bahmani, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2016). The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications. Asian Pac. J. of Trop. Med., 9(9), 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.001
Rollando, R., Warsito, W., Masruri, M., & Widodo, W. (2020). Potential therapeutic use of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br and Sterculia foetida Linn.: Review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 19(4), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2020.325.334
Sato, V. H., Chewchinda, S., Goli, A. S., Sato, H., Nontakham, J., & Vongsak, B. (2023). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) evidence for the postprandial anti-hyperglycemic property of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss seed extract. Molecules, 28(6775), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196775
Shamsudin, N. F., Ahmed, Q. U., Mahmood, S., Shah, S. A. A., Sarian, M. N., Khattak, M. M. A. K., Khatib, A., Sabere, A. S. M., Yusoff, Y. M., & Latip, J. (2022). Flavonoids as antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agents: A review on structural activity relationship-based studies and meta-analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12605), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012605
Sieniawska, E. (2015). Activities of tannins – from in vitro studies to clinical trials. Natural Product Communications, 10(11), 1877–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501001118
Siswadi, S., Rianawati, H., Saragih, G. S., & Hadi, D. S. (2014). The potency of Faloak’s (Sterculia quadrifida, R.Br.) active compounds as natural remedy. International Seminar Proceedings “Forests & Medicinal Plants for Better Human Welfare,” 1, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3353788
Siswadi, S., & Saragih, G. S. (2021). Phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. AIP Conference Proceedings 2353, 030098 (2021), 030098. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0053057
Sornalakshmi, V., Tresina, S. P., Paulpriya, P., Packia, L. M., & Mohan, V. R. (2016). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal control and glucose induced hyperglycemic rats with hedyotis leschenaultiana DC. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 8(1), 59–62.
Susanto, F. H. (2019). Potensi fraksi aktivitas antibakteri dan antiradikal dari kulit batang Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br). Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi, 23(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v23i1.6463
Tzanova, M., Atanasov, V., Yaneva, Z., Ivanova, D., & Dinev, T. (2020). Selectivity of current extraction techniques for flavonoids from plant materials. Processes, 8(1222), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101222
Weng, L., Chen, T., Huang, L., Lai, D., Kang, N., Fu, Y., & Weng, C. (2021). A nutraceutical combination of cinnamon, purple onion, and tea linked with key enzymes on treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13971
Zhang, Q.-W., Lin, L.-G., & Ye, W.-C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine, 13(20), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
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Copyright (c) 2024 Phebe Hendra,M.Si., Ph.D, Velia Andrestia Dias, Laurenza Celine Dinanda, Charles Conrad Rambung, Maria Dewi Puspitasari Tirtaningtyas Gunawan Puteri, Jeffry Julianus
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