Nanoparticle formulation of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum leaf using chitosan and cross-linking method

Authors

  • Evi Nurul Hidayati Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta
  • Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu Institut Teknologi Sumatera
  • Eni Masruriati Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kendal

Keywords:

Syzygium polyanthum, chitosan, nanoparticles, cross-linking method, stirring time,

Abstract

Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaves) is widely used in Indonesia and has been shown to have pharmacological activity, such as antihyperlipidemia. The nanoparticle is a delivery system that enhances therapy effectiveness, minimizes side effects, and ensures safety. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the antihyperlipidemic efficacy of Syzygium polyanthum extract by formulating it into nanoparticles. The polymer that is used in this nanoparticle formulation is chitosan, while the cross-linking agent that is used is sodium tripolyphosphate. Three formulations have been developed, each with different stirring times after crosslinking: F1 (20 minutes), F2 (90 minutes), and F3 (150 minutes). At the same time, nanoparticles produced were examined for particle size, ζ potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and release study. Syzygium polyanthum extract is abundant in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, and quinones. The particle size data for F1, F2, and F3 were 257±6.68 nm, 232±2.54 nm, and 303±1.3 nm respectively, while the polydispersity index ranged from 0.242 to 0.383. The entrapment efficiency represented by quercetin, used to assess the extracted content of the nanoparticles, yielded results between 39.59% and 67.48%. A release study of nanoparticle Syzygium polyanthum (nanoparticle SP) showed that the extract represented by quercetin can be released from the system is 64-82% in 120 min. The ζ potential measurement in F2 indicated a value of 30.9±0.416 mV, suggesting that the nanoparticle SP formed possesses excellent stability. Among the formulas studied, F2 emerged as the most promising due to its combination of factors such as the smallest size, favorable polydispersity index, high entrapment efficiency, and desirable release profile values. All of the formula has the potential to provide a good therapeutic effect, such as antihyperlipidemia but it needs to be proven by further studies.

References

Antoniou, J., Liu, F., Majeed, H., Qi, J., Yokoyama, W., & Zhong, F. (2015). Physicochemical and morphological properties of size-controlled chitosan–tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 465, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.10.040

Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2020). Produksi tanaman biofarmaka (Obat) 2018-2020. Bps. https://www. bps. go. id/indicator/55/63/1/produksi-tanaman-biofarmaka-obat-. html.

Das, A. (2013). Characterization of antioxidants and antioxidative properties of various unifloral Honeys procured from West Bengal, India. IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 7(3), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-0735663

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2017). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi II. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Harborne, J. B., Padmawinata, K., & Soediro, I. (2006). Metode fitokimia, penuntun dan cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. ITB Bandung.

Harismah, K. (2017). Pemanfaatan daun salam (Eugenia polyantha) sebagai obat herbal dan rempah penyedap makanan. Warta LPM, 19(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.23917/warta.v19i2.2742

Hidayati, E. (2021). Studi inhibisi Spermatogenesis Nanopartikel Phyllanthus niruri melalui jalur persinyalan testosteron non klasik secara in vitro pada Lini Sel TM4. (Tesis). Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Hidayati, E. N., Rahayyu, A. M., & Azzahra, F. (2023). Physical characterization of chitosan-based syzygium polyanthum leaves extract nanoparticles. Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 20(2), 120-128.

Jagessar, R. (2017). Phytochemical screening and chromatographic profile of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Passiflora edulis and Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1714–1721.

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Infodatin. Beban Kanker di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusdating Kemenkes RI.

Kusuma, I. W., Kuspradini, H., Arung, E. T., Aryani, F., Min, Y.-H., Kim, J.-S., & Kim, Y. (2011). Biological activity and Phytochemical analysis of three Indonesian medicinal plants, Murraya koenigii, Syzygium polyanthum and Zingiber purpurea. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 4(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(11)60010-1

Mahmood, M. A., Madni, A., Rehman, M., Rahim, M. A., & Jabar, A. (2019). Ionically cross-linked Chitosan Nanoparticles for sustained delivery of docetaxel: fabrication, post-formulation and acute oral toxicity evaluation. International Journal of Nanomedicine, Volume 14, 10035–10046. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S232350

Mattu, C., Li, R., & Ciardelli, G. (2013). Chitosan nanoparticles as therapeutic protein nanocarriers: The effect of ph on particle formation and encapsulation efficiency. Polymer Composites, 34(9), 1538–1545. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22415

Mohanraj, V. J., & Chen, Y. (2007). Nanoparticles - a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634

Morales-Olán, G., Luna-Suárez, S., Figueroa-Cárdenas, J. D. D., Corea, M., & Rojas-López, M. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of chitosan particles loaded with antioxidants extracted from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2021, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5540543

Pandey, A., & Tripathi, S. (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(5), 115–119.

Qi, L., Xu, Z., Jiang, X., Hu, C., & Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research, 339(16), 2693–2700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.007

Rahayyu, A. M., Hidayati, E. N., & Masruriwati, E. (2024). Effect of Chitosan concentration on physical characteristic of extract ethanolic of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Nanoparticle prepared by Cross-Linking Methods. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis, 150–155. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v10i2.9233

Rizvi, S. Z. H., Shah, F. A., Khan, N., Muhammad, I., Ali, K. H., Ansari, M. M., Din, F. ud, Qureshi, O. S., Kim, K.-W., Choe, Y.-H., Kim, J.-K., & Zeb, A. (2019). Simvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced anti-hyperlipidemic activity in hyperlipidemia animal model. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 560, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.002

Silva, G. O. De, Abeysundara, A. T., & Aponso, M. M. W. (2017). Extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative techniques for screening of phytochemicals from plants. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 5(2), 29–32.

Singh, V., & Kumar, R. (2017). Study of phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Allium sativum of Bundelkhand region. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 3(6), 1451–1458.

Tao, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, B., Guo, J., Hu, Y., & Su, Z. (2011). Water-soluble chitosan Nanoparticles inhibit Hypercholesterolemia induced by feeding a high-fat diet in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2011, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/814606

Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., & Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. International Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 98-106.

Vrignaud, S., Anton, N., Gayet, P., Benoit, J.-P., & Saulnier, P. (2011). Reverse micelle-loaded lipid nanocarriers: a novel drug delivery system for the sustained release of doxorubicin hydrochloride. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 79(1), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.015

Widjajakusuma, E. C., Jonosewojo, A., Hendriati, L., Wijaya, S., Surjadhana, A., Sastrowardoyo, W., Monita, N., Muna, N. M., Fajarwati, R. P., & Ervina, M. (2019). Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Phytomedicine, 55, 137-147

Widyawati, T., Pase, A., Daulay, M., & Sumantri, I. B. (2021). Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp ethanol extract Decreased Malondialdehyde level in type 2 diabetic patients. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(6s), 1557–1561. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.198

World Health Organization. (2010). Traditional herbal remedies for primary health care.

Wu, J., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Liu, X., & Lu, Z. (2017). Preparation and biological activity studies of resveratrol loaded ionically cross-linked chitosan-TPP nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 175, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.058

Zargar, V., Asghari, M., & Dashti, A. (2015). A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications. ChemBioEng Reviews, 2(3), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400025

Zhang, H., Tao, Y., Guo, J., Hu, Y., & Su, Z. (2011). Hypolipidemic effects of chitosan nanoparticles in hyperlipidemia rats induced by high fat diet. International Immunopharmacology, 11(4), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.015

Downloads

Published

2025-03-21

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 1 (2025): Pharmaciana

Section

Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Evi Nurul Hidayati, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Eni - Masruriati, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia Rahayyu, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati, Eni - Masruriati

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with Pharmaciana agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. 
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.