Active antimicrobial substances of cherry leaf extracts (Muntingia calabura L.) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) based on GC-MS analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v10i1.14042Keywords:
cherry leaf (Muntingia calabura L.), MRSA, TLC-Bioautography, GC-MSAbstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the bacteria that triggers nosocomial diseases. Bacterial resistance requires continuous exploration of active antimicrobial substances from various sources, including medicinal plants. Leaves of cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) reportedly contain three classes of compounds, namely, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. This research was designed to identify active antimicrobial substances in cherry leaves that could inhibit the growth of MRSA. It employed the Kirby-Bauer test to examine the antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Muntingia calabura L. (EMC) against MRSA. Through GC-MS, active substances were detected from the presence of active spots on TLC plates, as determined by direct-contact bioautography. The TLC used silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and chloroform:ethyl acetate (9:1) as the mobile phase. The antimicrobial activity test results showed that the zone of inhibition of 10% w/v EMC was 10.91±0.75 mm in diameter. At 5% w/v and 2.5% w/v, EMC created zones of inhibition with diameters of 8.5±0.25 mm and 7.25±0.25 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, at 1.25% w/v, it showed no inhibitory activities. Based on the TLC-Bioautography profile, the active spot that produced zones of inhibition was located at Rf 0.04 mm. The GC-MS analysis of this spot detected the presence of two compounds: the first compound had a similarity index of 35% with 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol, and the second one had a similarity index of 80% with hexaborane-12. Cynaratriol is known to posses antimicrobial activity, whereas hexaborane is the opposite. In conclusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration of EMC for MRSA is 2.5% w/v. Also, the active compounds of EMC bear 35% similarities to 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol.
References
Abdulamir, A.S., Jassim, S.A.A., Hafidh, R.R., and Bakar, F.A., 2015, The potential of bacteriophage cocktail in eliminating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in terms of different extracellular matrices expressed by PIA, ciaA-D and FnBPA genes, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 14:49.
Erikawati, D., Santosaningsih, D., and Santoso, S., 2016, Tingginya Prevalensi MRSA pada Isolat Klinik Periode 2010-2014 di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang, Indonesia, Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya, 29 (2): 149-56.
Gnanadeebam, D., Sheeba, and Viswanathan, P., 2014, GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in Spermacoce articularis L. f. leaf, Research in Pharmacy, 4 (4): 01–07.
Green, B.N., Johnson, C.D., Egan, J.T., Rosenthal, M., Griffith, E.A., and Evans, M.W., 2012, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Overview for Manual Therapists, Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 11 (1): 64–76.
Hermanto, S., Muawanah, A., and Harahap, R., 2008, Profil dan Krateristik Lemah Hewan (Ayam, Sapi, dan Babi) Hasil Analisis FTIR dan GCMS, Research Report, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
Isnarianti, R.I., Wahyudi, and Puspita, R., 2013, Muntingia calabura L Leaves Extract Inhibits Glucosyltransferase Activity of Streptococcus mutans, Journal of Dentistry Indonesia, 20(3): 59-63.
Khasanah, I., Sarwiyono, and Surjowardojo, P., 2014, Ekstrak etanol daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus agalactiae. Bachelor Thesis, Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang.
Komansilan, J.G., Mintjelungan, N.C., and Waworuntu, O., 2015, Daya Hambat Ekstrak Kulit Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans, Jurnal e-GiGi (eG), 3(2): 309-316.
Kukić, J., Popović, V., Petrović, S., Mucaji, P., Ćirić, A., Stojković, D., and Soković, M., 2008, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts, Food Chemistry, 107 (2): 861–68.
McKane, L., 1996, Microbiology: Essentials and Applications, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc. company, California.
Muhtadi, Ambarwati, R., and Yuliani, R., 2012, Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae dan Staphylococcus epidermidis beserta Bioautografinya, Biomedika, 4(2):1-9.
Rahayu S., Kurniasih N., and Amalia V., 2015, Ekstraksi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid dari Limbah Kulit Bawang Merah sebagai Antioksidan Alami, Al-Kimiya, 2(1):1-8.
Repi, N.B., Christi, M., Jane, W., 2016, Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak kulit kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) terhadap Escherichia coli dan Streptococcus pyogenes, Jurnal e-Biomedik (eBm), 4(1):1-5.
Ruikar, A., Torane, R., Tambe, A., Puranik, V., Deshpande, N., 2009, GC-MS Study of a Steam Volatile Matter from Mimusops elengi. Journal of ChemTech Research, 1(2):158-161.
Salni, Marisa, H. and Mukti, R.W., 2011, Isolasi Senyawa Antibakteri Dari Daun Jengkol (Pithecolobium lobatum Benth) dan Penentuan Nilai KHM-nya, Jurnal Penelitian Sains, 14(1):38-41.
Sufian, A.S., Ramasamy, K., Ahmat, N., Zakaria, Z.A., Yusof, M.I., 2013, Isolation and identification of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the leaves of Muntingia calabura L, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(1):198-204.
Sulaiman, A.Y., Astuti, P., Shita, A.D.P., 2017, Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Terhadap Koloni Streptococcus viridans, Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences, 01(02): 1-6.
Vandepitte, J., Engbaek, K., Piot, P., Heuck, C.C., and Rohner, P., 2003, Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology, Second Edition, Nonserial Publication, World Health Organization, Geneve.
Wang, Y., Xu, L., Shen, H., Wang, J., Liu, W., Zhu, X., Wang, R., Sun, X., and Liu, L., 2015, Metabolomic Analysis with GC-MS to Reveal Potential Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in Pb & amp; Cd Stress Response of Radish Roots, Scientific Reports, 5:1-13.
Yusuf, A.T., and Candraningsih, D.S., 2017, Karakterisasi Kandungan Senyawa Organosulfur Pada Minyak Bawang Putih Yang Berasal Dari Tanaman Varietas Lokal Ciwidey, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Sumber Daya Perdesaan dan Kearifan Lokal Berkelanjutan VII, 1798–1806, Purwokerto.
Zakaria, Z.A., Fatimah, C.A., Jais, A.M.M., Zaiton, H., Henie, E.F.P., Sulaiman, M.R., Somchit, M.N., Thenamutha, M., and Kasthuri, D., 2006, The in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Muntingia calabura Extracts, International Journal Pharmacology, 2 (4): 439-442.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with Pharmaciana agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
1.png)
