Psychological Capital Scale: A Study on the Psychometric Properties of Employees in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v9i4.17505Abstract
Since its inception in 2007, psychological capital has been gaining more and more attention. Nonetheless, zero studies had been done on the psychometric properties of the 24-item Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) in Malaysia. Therefore, the present study examined the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. A total of 420 Malaysian government employees participated in this study. Findings revealed that the PCQ demonstrated a satisfactory level of psychometric properties in Malaysia after five items were excluded. Hence, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) could be used for Malaysian employees to discover positive contributions to psychological capital in the Malaysian workplace setting.
Â
References
Abbas, M., & Raja, U. (2015). Impact of psychological capital on innovative performance and job stress. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(2), 128-138. doi:10.1002/cjas.1314
AIA (2020). Malaysia’s healthiest workplace: 2019 results. Retrieved July10, 2020, from https://healthiestworkplace.aia.com/malaysia/eng/2019-results/
Adeel, M., Nawaz, A., & Imran, M. (2019). Role of psycap in job satisfaction and intention to leave: A survey of faculty from higher education institutions in DI Khan. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 13(4), 38-47.
Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L., Consiglio, C., & Mitidieri, G. (2015). Psychometric properties of the italian version of the psychological capital questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 23(2), 149-159. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12103
Alessandri, G., Consiglio, C., Luthans, F. and Borgogni, L. (2018), Testing a dynamic model of the impact of psychological capital on work engagement and job performance, Career Development International, 23(1), 33-47. doi:10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0210
American Psychological Association (2015). 2015 Stress in America snapshot. Retrieved July10, 2020, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/snapshot
Antunes, A. C., Caetano, A., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2017). Reliability and construct validity of the Portuguese version of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Psychological reports, 120(3), 520-536. doi:10.1177/0033294116686742
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Metaâ€analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127-152. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20070
Badran, M. A., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2015). Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 30(3), 354-370. doi:10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0176
Baezzat, F., Mirmostafaee, M., Akbari, A., & Abbasi-Asl, R. (2017). Causal model for depression based on psychological capital by mediating of hospital stress and anxiety in woman nurses. Women's Health Bulletin, 4(4), e13241. doi:10.5812/whb.13241
Bhattacharya, S., & Banerjee, E. (2018). Employee engagement, perceived stress and psychological capital: An empirical study. ASBM Journal of Management, 11(2). 1-10.
Bhaumik, A., Law, K. A., Xu, Y., & Raju, V. (2020). Empirical study on employee's psychological capital: based on guangdong technology enterprises in china. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(4).
Bseiso, D. (2020). The impact of psychological empowerment on the service quality of front-of-house staff in the Jordanian hotel sector (Doctoral dissertation, University of Salford).
Burhanuddin, N. A. N., Ahmad, N. A., Said, R. R., & Asimiran, S. (2019). A systematic review of the psychological capital (psycap) research development: Implementation and gaps. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(3), 133-150. doi:10.6007/IJARPED/v8-i3/6302
Çelik, M. (2018). The effect of psychological capital level of employees on workplace stress and employee turnover intention. innovar, 28(68), 67-75. doi:10.15446/innovar.v28n68.70472
Cheung, F., Tang, C. S. K., & Tang, S. (2011). Psychological capital as a moderator between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4), 348-371. doi:10.1037/a0025787
Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 348-370. doi:10.1111/joop.12007
Dawkins, S., Martin, A., & Quinn, M. (2019). Evaluating the impact of a team-level psychological capital intervention for enhanced performance and wellbeing. Paris, France.
Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329-347. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21212.
Demir, S. (2018). The relationship between psychological capital and stress, anxiety, burnout, job satisfaction, and job involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 75, 137-153. doi:10.14689/ejer.2018.75.8
Djourova, N., Rodriguez, I., & Lorente-Prieto, L. (2019). Validation of a modified version of the psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ12) in Spain. Revista Interamericana de PsicologÃa Ocupacional, 37(2), 93-106. doi: 10.21772/ripo.v37n2a02
Görgens-Ekermans, G., & Herbert, M. (2013). Psychological capital: Internal and external validity of the psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ-24) on a South African sample. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12. doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131
Friend, S. B., Johnson, J. S., Luthans, F., & Sohi, R. S. (2016). Positive psychology in sales: Integrating psychological capital. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(3), 306-327. doi:10.1080/10696679.2016.1170525
Hao, T. M., Chen, Y. W., & Yang, S. (2019, October). Relationship between proactive personality and employee well-being: mediating effect of psychological capital. In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (TEMS-ISIE) (1-4). IEEE. doi:10.1109/TEMS-ISIE46312.2019.9074435
Hernández-Varas, E., Encinas, F. J. L., & Suárez, M. M. (2019). Psychological capital, work satisfaction and health self-perception as predictors of psychological wellbeing in military personnel. Psicothema, 31(3), 277-283. doi:10.7334/psicothema2019.22
Kamei, H., Ferreira, M. C., Valentini, F., Peres, M. F. P., Kamei, P. T., & Damásio, B. F. (2018). Psychological capital questionnaire-short version (PCQ-12): Evidence of validity of the Brazilian version. Psico-Usf, 23(2), 203-214. doi:10.1590/1413-82712018230202
Karatepe, O. M., & Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 27(6), 1254-1278. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0028
Kock, N. 2017. WarpPLS User Manual: Version 6.0.
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for information Systems, 13(7).
Kong, F., Tsai, C. H., Tsai, F. S., Huang, W., la Cruz, D., & Malapitan, S. (2018). Psychological capital research: A meta-analysis and implications for management sustainability. Sustainability, 10(10), 3457. doi:10.3390/su10103457
Lee, B. Y., & Jung, H. M. (2019). Factors related to positive psychological capital among Korean clinical nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research, 25(3), 221-236. doi:10.22650/JKCNR.2019.25.3.221
León-Pérez, J. M., Antino, M., & León-Rubio, J. M. (2017). Adaptation of the short version of the psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ-12) into Spanish/Adaptación al español de la versión reducida del Cuestionario de Capital Psicológico (PCQ-12). Revista de PsicologÃa Social, 32(1), 196-213. doi:10.1080/02134748.2016.1248024
Li, Y., Wu, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, X. (2019). Relationships among psychological capital, creative tendency, and job burnout among Chinese nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(12), 3495-3503. doi:10.1111/jan.14141
Lupșa, D., & Vîrgă, D. (2018). Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ): Analysis of the Romanian adaptation and validation. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 16(1), 27-39.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 60(3), 541-572. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Clapp-Smith, R., & Li, W. (2008). More evidence on the value of Chinese workers' psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(5), 818-827. doi: 10.1080/09585190801991194
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press, New York.
Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2015). Psychological Capital and Beyond. Oxford University Press, New York.
Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366.
MartÃnez, I. M., Meneghel, I., Carmona-Halty, M., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2019). Adaptation and validation to Spanish of the psychological capital questionnaire–12 (PCQ–12) in academic contexts. Current Psychology, 1. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00276-z
Malekitabar, M., Riahi, M., & Malekitabar, A. R. (2017). The role of psychological capital in psychological well-being and job burnout of high schools principals in Saveh, Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11(1). doi:10.5812/ijpbs.4507
Moyer, F., Aziz, S., & Wuensch, K. (2017). From workaholism to burnout: psychological capital as a mediator. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 10(3), 213–227. doi:10.1108/IJWHM-10-2016-0074
Murgić, D., Rijavec, M., & Miljković, D. (2019). Initial validation of the shortened psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ-12) on Croatian sample. Ekonomski pregled, 70(1), 3-21. doi: 10.32910/ep.70.1.1
Okun, O. (2020). The Positive Face of Human Capital, Psychological Capital, and Well-Being. In Maintaining Social Well-Being and Meaningful Work in a Highly Automated Job Market. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2509-8.ch006
Rego, A., Marques, C., Leal, S., Sousa, F., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2010). Psychological capital and performance of Portuguese civil servants: exploring neutralizers in the context of an appraisal system. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), 1531-1552. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2010.488459
Rus, C. L., Băban, A., Jesus, S. N. D., & Andrei, D. (2012). An analysis of the psychometric properties of the psychological capital questionnaire-12. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, 2(1).
Sapyaprapa, S., Tuicomepee, A., & Watakakosol, R. (2013). Validation of psychological capital questionnaire in Thai employees. In Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Psychology and the Behavioral Sciences, Japan (pp. 394-400).
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Soo, H. S., & Ali, H. (2016). The linkage between stress and organizational citizenship behaviour. International Business Management, 10(14), 2713-2718. doi:10.36478/ibm.2016.2713.2718
Sun, T., Zhao, X. W., Yang, L. B., & Fan, L. H. (2012). The impact of psychological capital on job embeddedness and job performance among nurses: a structural equation approach. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(1), 69-79. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05715.x
Tang, Y., Shao, Y. F., & Chen, Y. J. (2019). Assessing the mediation mechanism of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on innovative behavior: The perspective of psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02699
Wang, X., Liu, L., Zou, F., Hao, J., & Wu, H. (2017). Associations of occupational stressors, perceived organizational support, and psychological capital with work engagement among Chinese female nurses. BioMed Research International, 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/5284628
Wu, W. Y., & Nguyen, K.-V. H. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of psychological capital: a meta-analytic approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 435-456. doi:10.1108/LODJ-06-2018-0233
Zhou, J., Yang, Y., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Pan, H., Ban, B., Qiao, Z., & Wang, W. (2018). Serial multiple mediation of organizational commitment and job burnout in the relationship between psychological capital and anxiety in Chinese female nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 83, 75-82. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.016
Zhun, G. O. N. G., Schooler, J. W., Yong, W. A. N. G., & Mingda, T. A. O. (2018). Research on the relationship between positive emotions, psychological capital and job burnout in enterprises’ employees: Based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Canadian Social Science, 14(5), 42-48. doi:10.3968/10383