Cover Image

Design and Prototyping of Electronic Load Controller for Pico Hydropower System

Supriyanto Praptodiyono, Hari Maghfiroh, Muhammad Nizam, Chico Hermanu, Arif Wibowo

Abstract


A hydroelectric power plant is an electrical energy generator that utilizes water energy to drive a water turbine coupled to a generator. The main problem in hydroelectric power plants is the frequency and voltage fluctuations in the generator due to fluctuations in consumer loads. The purpose of this research is to make a prototype of the Electronic Load Controller (ELC) system at the Pico Hydropower Plant. The main part of ELC is the frequency sensor and gating system. The first part is made by a Zero Crossing Detector, which detects the generator frequency. The gating system was developed with TRIAC. The method used is the addition of a complement load which is controlled by delaying the TRIAC. Load control is intended to maintain the stability of the electrical energy produced by the generator. The PID algorithm is used in frequency control. The results of the frequency sensor accuracy test are 99.78%, and the precision is 99.99%. The ELC system can adjust the frequency automatically by setting the firing delay on the TRIAC to distribute unused power by consumer loads to complementary loads so that the load used remains stable. The ELC is tested with increasing and decreasing load. The proposed ELC gives a stable frequency at 50Hz. Whereas at the first test, the mean voltage is 183V, and in the second test is 182.17V.

Keywords


ELC; Pico hydro; Hydropower; Control; Frequency

Full Text:

PDF

References


K. Gaiser, P. Erickson, P. Stroeve, and J. P. Delplanque, "An experimental investigation of design parameters for pico-hydro Turgo turbines using a response surface methodology," Renewable Energy, vol. 85, pp. 406-418, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.049

S. J. Williamson, B. H. Stark, and J. D. Booker. "Performance of a low-head pico-hydro Turgo turbine," Applied Energy, vol. 102, pp. 1114-1126, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.029

J.A. Laghari, H. Mokhlis, A. H. A. Bakar, and H. Mohammad, "A comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology," Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews, vol. 20, pp. 279-293, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.002

K. Sopian, and J. AB. Razak. "Pico hydro: clean power from small streams," In Proceedings of the 3rd world scientific and engineering academy and society international conference on renewable energy sources, pp. 414-419, 2009. http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2009/lalaguna/EPREWA/EPREWA64.pdf

P. Bhusal, A. Zahnd, M. Eloholma, and L. Halonen, "Energy efficient innovative lighting and energy supply solutions in developing countries," International Review of Electrical Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 665-670, 2007. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11243092.pdf

M. F. Basar, A. Ahmad, N. Hasim, and K. Sopian, "Introduction to the pico hydro power and the status of implementation in Malaysia," In 2011 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, pp. 283-288. IEEE, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD.2011.6148751

A. M. A. Haidar, M. F. M. Senan, A. Noman, and T. Radman, "Utilization of pico hydro generation in domestic and commercial loads," Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 518-524, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.017

T. Meier and G. Fischer, "Assessment of the Pico and Micro-hydropower Market in Rwanda," Nairobi (Kenya): GVEP, 2011. https://energy4impact.org/sites/default/files/pico-hydro_market_in_rwanda.pdf

Y. Xu, C. Li, Z. Wang, N. Zhang, and B. Peng, "Load frequency control of a novel renewable energy integrated micro-grid containing pumped hydropower energy storage," IEEE Access, vol. 6 pp. 29067-29077, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2826015

D. Guha, P.K. Roy, and S. Banerjee, "Quasi-oppositional differential search algorithm applied to load frequency control," Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1635-1654, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.09.021

H. Bevrani, F. Habibi, P. Babahajyani, M. Watanabe, and Y. Mitani, "Intelligent frequency control in an AC microgrid: Online PSO-based fuzzy tuning approach," IEEE transactions on smart grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1935-1944, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2196806

J. Yang, Z. Zeng, Y. Tang, J. Yan, H. He, and Y. Wu, "Load frequency control in isolated micro-grids with electrical vehicles based on multivariable generalized predictive theory," Energies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2145-2164, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8032145

Woei-Luen Chen and Yuan-Yih Hsu, “Experimental Evaluation of an Isolated Induction Generator with Voltage and Frequency Control,†International Symposium on Power Electronic, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, pp. 497-502, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM.2006.1649823

N. W. Aug dan A. Z. Ya, “Microkontroller Based Electrical Parameter Monitoring System of Electronic Load Controller Used in Micro Hydro Power Plant,†Jurnal of Electrical and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 97-109, 2015. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20150305.11

H. H. Alhelou, M. E. H. Golshan, R. Zamani, E. H. Forushani, and P. Siano, "Challenges and opportunities of load frequency control in conventional, modern and future smart power systems: a comprehensive review." Energies 11, no. 10, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102497

A. T. Hammid, M. Hojabri, M. H. Sulaiman, A. N. Abdalla, and A. A. Kadhim, "Load frequency control for hydropower plants using pid controller," Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 47-51, 2016. https://jtec.utem.edu.my/jtec/article/view/1370

R. Thirunavukarasu and I. A. Chidambaram, "PI2 controller based coordinated control with Redox Flow Battery and Unified Power Flow Controller for improved Restoration Indices in a deregulated power system," Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1011-1027, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.08.001

Y. Zheng, J. Zhou, Y. Xu, Y. Zhang, and Z. Qian, "A distributed model predictive control based load frequency control scheme for multi-area interconnected power system using discrete-time Laguerre functions," ISA transactions, vol. 68, pp. 127-140, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2017.03.009

H. Yousef, "Adaptive fuzzy logic load frequency control of multi-area power system," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 68 pp. 384-395, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.074

C. Li,, Y. Mao, J. Zhou, N. Zhang, and X. An, "Design of a fuzzy-PID controller for a nonlinear hydraulic turbine governing system by using a novel gravitational search algorithm based on Cauchy mutation and mass weighting," Applied Soft Computing, vol. 52, pp. 290-305, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.10.035

S. Prakash, and S. K. Sinha. "Simulation based neuro-fuzzy hybrid intelligent PI control approach in four-area load frequency control of interconnected power system," Applied Soft Computing, vol. 23, pp. 152-164, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2014.05.020

F. Daneshfar and H. Bevrani, "Multiobjective design of load frequency control using genetic algorithms," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 257-263, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.024

S.S. Dhillon, J.S. Lather, and S. Marwaha, "Multi area load frequency control using particle swarm optimization and fuzzy rules," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 57, pp. 460-472, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.363

N.H. Saad, A.A. El-Sattar, and AEAM. Mansour, "A novel control strategy for grid connected hybrid renewable energy systems using improved particle swarm optimization," Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2195-2214, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.03.009

R.K. Sahu, G.T.C. Sekhar, and S. Panda, "DE optimized fuzzy PID controller with derivative filter for LFC of multi source power system in deregulated environment," Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 511-530, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.12.009

H. Zainuddin, M. S. Yahaya, J. M. Lazi, M. F. M. Basar, and Z. Ibrahim, "Design and development of pico-hydro generation system for energy storage using consuming water distributed to houses," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 154-159, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2009.5454216

R. K. Saket, "Design aspects and probabilistic approach for generation reliability evaluation of MWW based micro-hydro power plant," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 28, pp. 917-929, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.033

A. Desai, I. Mukhopadhyay, and A. Ray. "Theoretical analysis of a Pico-hydro power system for energy generation in rural or isolated area," In 2014 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pp. 1-4, IEEE, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2014.7066043

M.F. Basar, A. Ahmad, N. Hasim, and K. Sopian. "Introduction to the pico hydro power and the status of implementation in Malaysia," In 2011 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, pp. 283-288, IEEE, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD.2011.6148751

A. Kadier, M.S. Kalil, M. Pudukudy, H.A. Hasan, Azah Mohamed, and Aidil Abdul Hamid, "Pico hydropower (PHP) development in Malaysia: Potential, present status, barriers and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, pp. 2796-2805, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.084

A. Safaei, H. M. Roodsari, and H. A. Abyaneh, "Optimal load frequency control of an island small hydropower plant," In The 3rd Conference on Thermal Power Plants, pp. 1-6, IEEE, 2011. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6576991

Tarmizi, â€Desain Sistem Kontrol Sudut Penyalaan ThyristorKomutasi Jaringan Berbasis Mikrokontroler PIC 16F877,†Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika, vol. 9, no. 1, 2010. http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JRE/article/view/172




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jiteki.v7i3.22271

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Supriyanto Praptodiyono, Hari Maghfiroh, Muhammad Nizam, Chico Hermanu, Arif Wibowo

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 
About the JournalJournal PoliciesAuthor Information
 

Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika
ISSN 2338-3070 (print) | 2338-3062 (online)
Organized by Electrical Engineering Department - Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Published by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Website: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/jiteki
Email 1: jiteki@ee.uad.ac.id
Email 2: alfianmaarif@ee.uad.ac.id
Office Address: Kantor Program Studi Teknik Elektro, Lantai 6 Sayap Barat, Kampus 4 UAD, Jl. Ringroad Selatan, Tamanan, Kec. Banguntapan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55191, Indonesia