The Association between Intimate Partner Rape and Victimisation from Intimate Partner Controlling Behaviour and Physical Aggression in a Ugandan Sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v11i1.22047Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between victimisation from intimate partner rape and two types of intimate partner aggression. A questionnaire was completed by 609 females and 420 males in Uganda. The age range was between 16 and 94 years. The mean age was 31.5 (SD 10.9) for females, and 34.4 (SD 11.3) for males. The questionnaire included scales for measuring the frequency of victimisation from intimate partner rape, controlling behaviour, and physical aggression from an intimate partner. Females had been significantly more often victimised from intimate partner physical aggression than males. No significant difference was found between females and males on victimisation from intimate partner controlling behaviour. Victimisation from physical aggression and controlling behaviour from a partner were also highly correlated with each other for both females and males. Respondents who had been more than average victimised from intimate partner rape scored significantly higher than others on victimisation from intimate partner controlling behaviour and intimate partner physical aggression. The association between victimization from intimate partner rape and victimisation from intimate partner controlling behaviour and physical aggression followed the same pattern for females and males.
References
Anderson, K. L. (2008). Is partner violence worse in the context of control? Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 1157‒1168.
Antai, D. (2011). Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 11, 511. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-511
Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651‒680. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
Archer, J. (2018). Violence to partners: Gender symmetry revisited. In J. L. Ireland, P. Birch, & C. A. Ireland (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of aggression: Current issues and perspectives (pp. 155-169). London, UK: Routledge.
Barshis, V. (1983). The question of marital rape. Womens' Studies International Forum, 6, 383‒393.
Bergen, R. K. (1996). Wife rape: Understanding the response of survivors and service providers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Boakye, K. E. (2009). Attitudes toward rape and victims of rape: A test of the feminist theory in Ghana. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1633‒1651. doi:10.1177/0886260509331493
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood. Child Development, 45, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127743
Campbell, J. C. (1989). Women's response to sexual abuse in intimate relationships. Health Care for Women International, 10, 335‒346.
Campbell, J. C., & Soeken, K. L. (1999). Forced sex and intimate partner violence: Effects on women's risk and women's Health. Violence Against Women, 5, 1017-1035. doi.org/10.1177/1077801299005009003
Coker, A., Smith, P. H., McKeown, R. E., & King, M. J. (2000). Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: Physical, sexual, and psychological battering. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 553‒559. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.553
Darko, G., Bjorkqvist, K., & Osterman, K. (2019). Low intensity intimate partner aggression in Ghana: Support for the revised gender symmetry theory in an African country. Aggressive Behavior, 45, 52-61. doi:10.1002/ab.21796
Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Pea, R., Agurto, S., & Winkvist, A. (2001). Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in Family Planning, 32, 1-16. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00001.x
Fiebert, M. (1997). Annotated bibliography: References examining assaults by women on their spouses/partners. Sexuality and Culture, 1, 273‒286.
Finkelhor, D., & Yllo, K. (1985). License to rape: Sexual abuse of wives. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. (2012). Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Helsinki, Finland.
Frieze, I. H. (1983). Investigating the causes and consequences of marital rape. Signs, 8, 532‒553.
Gage, S., & Hutchinson, P. (2006). Power, control, and intimate partner sexual violence in Haiti. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 11‒26. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-8991-0
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27, 291–305. doi:10.1177/0022343390027003005
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet, 368, 1260–1269.
Gass, J. D., Stein, D. J., Williams, D. R., & Seedat, S. (2011). Gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence among South African adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2764-2789. doi:10.1177/0886260510390960
Goodmark, L. (2011). A troubled marriage: Domestic violence and the legal system. New York: New York University Press.
Graham-Kevan, N. J. A. (2004). Physical aggression and controlling behaviours within relationships. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Preston, UK: University of Central Lancashire.
Heise, L., Ellsberg. M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population Reports Series L, 11. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health.
Jenkin, S. R. (2000). Introduction to the special issue: Defining gender, relationships, and power. Sex Roles, 42, 467‒493. doi:10.1023/A:1007010604246
Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2010). Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13, 6. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-6
Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283‒294.
Johnson, M. P. (2000). Conflict and control: Images of symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. In A. Booth, A. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict (pp. 178-204). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Conflict and control: Gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women,12, 1003‒1008. doi:10.1177/1077801206293328
Khan, M. E., Townsend, J. W., Sinha, R., & Lakhanpal, S. (1996). Sexual violence within marriage. New Delhi, India: Population Council.
Koenig, M. A., Lutalo, T., Zhao, F., Nalugoda, F., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Kiwanuka, N., Wagman, J., Serwadda, D., Wawer, M., & Gray, R. (2003). Domestic violence in rural Uganda: Evidence from a community-based study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 53–60.
Mahoney, P., & Williams. L. M. (1998). Sexual assault in marriage: Prevalence, consequences, and treatment of wife rape. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory.
Mann, J. R., & Takyi, B. K. (2009). Autonomy, dependence, or culture: Examining the impact of resources and socio-cultural processes on attitudes towards intimate partner violence in Ghana, Africa. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 323–335. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9232-9
Morrell, R., Jewkes, R., & Lindegger, G. (2012). Hegemonic masculinity/masculinities in South Africa: Culture, power, and gender politics. Men and Masculinities, 15, 11–30. doi:10.1177/1097184X12438001
Nakyazze, B., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2018). Sexual abuse and accepting attitudes towards intimate partner rape in Uganda. Medical Science and Discovery, 5, 211–219. doi:10.17546/msd
Nakyazze, B., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2020). Victimisation from intimate partner rape in Uganda: Sex differences, psychological concomitants, and the effect of educational level. Medical Science and Discovery, 7, 603‒610.
National sex and reproduction research team., & Jenkins, C. (1994). National study of sexual and reproductive knowledge and behaviour in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Goroka, Guinea: PNG Institute of Medical Research.
Ndoromo, O., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2017). Domestic violence as a risk factor for children ending up sleeping in the streets of post-war South Sudan. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 5, 1. doi:10.4172/2375-4494.100033
Österman, K., & Björkqvist K. (2009). Direct Indirect Aggression Scales for Adults (DIAS-Adult). Vasa, Finland: Åbo Akademi University.
Pagelow, M. D. (1981). Womanâ€battering: Victims and their experiences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Pence, E., & Paymar, M. (1993). Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth Model. New York: Springer.
Próspero, M., Dwumah, P., & Ofori-Dua, K. (2009). Violent attitudes and mental health symptoms among mutually violent Ghanaian couples. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 1, 16‒23. doi:10.1108/17596599200900009
Reitzel-Jaffe, D., & Wolfe, D. A. (2001). Predictors of relationship abuse among young men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 99‒115. doi:10.1177/088626001016002001
Rennison, C. M., & Welchans, S. (2000). Intimate partner violence (Special report). Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of Justice.
Rozée, P. D. (1993). Forbidden or forgiven?: Rape in cross-cultural perspective. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 499–514. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00658
Russell, D.E. H. (1990). Rape in marriage. New York: Macmillan Press.
Simister, J. G. (2010). Domestic violence and female genital mutilation in Kenya: Effects of ethnicity and education. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 247‒257. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9288-6
Stark, E. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Steinmetz, S. K. (1977‒78). The battered husband syndrome. Victimology, 2, 499‒509.
Straus, M. A. (2010). Thirty years of denying the evidence on gender symmetry in partner violence: Implications for prevention and treatment. Partner Abuse, 1, 332‒362. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.1.3.33210
Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2007). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 281‒290. doi:10.1002/ab.2019910.1002/ab.20199
Sugarman, D. B., & Frankel, S. L. (1996). Patriarchal ideology and wife-assault: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Violence, 11, 13‒40. doi:10.1007/BF02333338
Tjadens, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
UNDP. (2013). Human development report 2013. The rise of the south: Human progress in a diverse world. New York. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2013.
Weiss, E., & Gupta, G. R. (1998). Bridging the gap: Addressing gender and sexuality in HIV prevention. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women.
Williams, C. M., Larsen, U., & McCloskey, L. A. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s contraceptive use. Violence Against Women, 14, 1382‒1396. doi:10.1177/1077801208325187
Worden, A. P., & Carlson, B. E. (2005). Attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence: Results of a public opinion survey II: Beliefs about causes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 1219–1243. doi:10.1177/0886260505278531
World Medical Association (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191–2194.
Yodanis, C. L. (2004). Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 655–675. doi:10.1177/0886260504263868.