Effectiveness of Psychosocial-Based Resilience Intervention on Reducing Negative Emotional States among Schizophrenia Caregivers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v9i1.12804Abstract
Schizophrenia caregivers are chronically exposed to a high level of negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Many studies have explored the problem among caregivers, but there remains to be limited evidence in the use of psychotherapeutic intervention to reduce schizophrenia caregivers’ psychological adversities. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of psychosocial-based resilience intervention in reducing the negative emotional states of schizophrenia caregivers. The one group pre-post quasi-experimental design was conducted to five participants. Following the six sessions of training and two-weeks of follow-up, participants showed a significant reduction of negative emotional states (p= .007), measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Furthermore, dimensions of negative emotional states were also significantly reduced i.e., depression (p= .008), anxiety (p= .015), and stress (p= .016). These results provide evidence that a psychosocial-based resilience program can effectively reduce the negative emotional states of schizophrenia caregivers.
Keywords: Resilience, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Family Caregiver, Psychosis
References
Awad, A. G., & Voruganti, L. N. (2008). The burden of schizophrenia on caregivers. Pharmaco-economics, 26(2), 149-162.
Beel, D. E., Wallace, C. D., Webster, G., Nguyen, H., Tait, E., Macleod, M., & Mellish, C. Cultural resilience: The production of rural community heritage, digital archives and the role of volunteers. Journal of Rural Studies, 1-10.
Burton, N.W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 15(3): 266-277.
Caqueo-Uizar, A., Rus-Calafell., Urzua, A., Escudero, J., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J . (2015). The role of family therapy in the management of schizophrenia: challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment, 14(11): 145-151.
Chan, S. W. (2011). A global perspective of the burden of family caregivers for persons with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(1): 339-349.
Chen, X., Mao, Y., Kong, L., Li, G., Xin, M., Lou, F., & Li, P. (2016). Resilience moderates the association between stigma and psychological distress among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Personality and Individual Differences, 96(1) 78-82.
Christopher, M.S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L.R.J., Bowen, S., Gross, C.R., Dapolonia, E., Pruessner, J.C. (2018). Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. Psychiatric Research. 264: 104-115.
Cornum, R., Matthews, M. D., & Sligman, M. E. (2011). Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Building Resilience in a Challenging Institutional Context. American Psychologist, 66(1): 4-9.
Edimansyah, B.N., Rusli, B. A., & Naing, L. (2008). Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life: A structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health, 8(48).
Fan, Y. C., Chen, M. B., Lin, K. C., Bai, Y. M. &Wei, S. J. (2014). The resilience and health status of primary caregivers of schizophrenia patients. Hu Li Za Zhi [The Journal of Nursing], 61: 29–38.
Grant, L., & Kinman, G. (2015). Guide to developing emotional resilience. London: Palgrave.
Jain, A., & Singh, D. C. (2014). Resilience and quality of life in caregivers of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 14(5): 25-28.
Kaushik, P., & Bhatia, M. S. (2013). Burden and quality of life in spouses of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 16(1): 83-89.
King, L. (2010). The science of psychology. USA: McGraw Hill.
Lim, N. (2016). Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West. Integrative medicine research, 5(2): 105-109.
López, J. & Crespo, M. (2007). Interventions for caregivers of older and dependent adults: a review. Psicothema. 19: 72-80.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional state: comparison of The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) with The Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343.
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2005). Abnormal psychology (5 ed., Vol. 1). USA: Pearson.
Oltmanns, T. F., & Emery, R. E. (2015). Abnormal psychology. NJ: Pearson.
Peng, L., Min, L., Zuo, X., Miao, Y., Chen, L., Yu, Y., Liu, B., & Wang, T. (2014). Application of the Pennsylvania resilience training program on medical students. Personality and Individual Differences. 61: 47-51.
Reivich, K. J., & Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life's inevitable obstacle. New York: Broadway Books.
Reivich, K. J., Seligman, M. E., & McBride, S. (2011). Master resilience training in the U.S. Army. American Psychologist, 66(1): 25-34.
Rodrigo, C., Fernando, T., Rajapakse, S., De Silva, V., & Hanwella, R. (2013). Caregiver strain and symptoms of depression among principal caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Mental Health System, 7(2): 1-5.
Ruiz-Robledillo, N. & Moya-Albiol, L. (2015). Effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention program on the health of caregivers of people with an autism spectrum disorder. Psychosocial Intervention. 24: 33-39.
Saarni, S. I. (2010). Quality of life of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychotic disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 32(4): 84-91.
Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish: A new theory of positive psychology. Boston: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Sharif, F., Shaygan, M., & Mani, A. (2012). Effect of a psycho-educational intervention for family members on caregiver burdens and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in Shiraz, Iran. BMC Psychiatry, 12(48): 1-9.
Sinha, P., Desai, N. G., Prakash, O., Kushwaha, S., & Tripathi, C. B. (2017). Caregiver burden in Alzheimer-type dementia and psychosis: A comparative study from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 26 (1): 86-91.
Sorrel, J. M. (2014). Moving beyond caregiver burden: Identifying helpful interventions for family caregivers. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 52: 15-18.
Sotille, P. D., Lynch, Y., Mealer, M., & Moss, M. (2016). Association between resilience and family member psychologic symptoms in critical illness. Critical Care Medicine, 44(8).
Stanley, S., & Shweta, S. (2006) Integrated psychosocial intervention in schizophrenia: Implications for patients and caregivers. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 10 (2), 113-128.
Tonge, A., Brereton, M., Kiomall, A., Mackinnon, N., King, N. Rinehart. (2006). Effects on the parental mental health of an education and skills training program for parents of young children with autism: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 45: 561-569.
Van Mierlo, L.D., Meiland F.J., Van der Roest, H.G., & Dröes, R.M. (2012). Personalized caregiver support: effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in subgroups of caregivers of people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 27: 1-14.
Vanhove, A. J., Herian, M. N., Perez, A. L. U., Harms, P. D., & Lester, P. B. (2015). Can resilience be developed at work? A meta-analytic review of resilience-building programme effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(2): 278-307.
Varker, T., & Devilly, G. J . (2012). An analog trial of inoculation resilience training for emergency services personnel: proof of concept. Journal of Anxiety Disorder. 26(6): 696-701.
World Health Organization. (2018). Schizophrenia. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
Yusuf, A.J., & Nuhu, F.T. (2011). Factors associated with emotional distress among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Katsina, Nigeria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(1):11–16.