Emerging Adulthood: Identity status and Parenting Styles

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v10i4.21879

Abstract

 

The psychosocial development of emerging adults is characterized by the development of an achieved ego identity (Kroger & Marcia, 2011). This development is influenced by the parental environment (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). A one-way multivariate analysis was conducted to predict the associations between the different parenting styles (Baumrind, 1966) and identity statuses (Marcia, 1994). According to the results, there was a significant difference in the perceived parenting styles of the emerging adults ( N = 203) based on their identity status, F( 8, 392 ) = , p = 0.033; Wilk's Λ =  .919,   partial η2 = 0.41. To further understand the variances among the variables a discriminant analysis was conducted, which revealed that the achieved identity status lead to the variances between the parenting styles and identity status. Regardless of the perceived parenting style and socialized parental attitude an achieved identity remains to be the goal of an emerging adult's identity development.

 

References

Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J-E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Child Development, 76 (6), 1144-1159.

Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J-E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205 – 222. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0308.

Baker. A.J.L., & Verrocchio, M.C. (2013) Italian college student- reported childhood exposure to parental alienation: correlates with well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54 (8), 609-628. doi: 10.1080/10502556.2013.837714.

Barnhart, C.M., Raval, V.V., Jansari, A., & Raval, P. (2013). Perceptions of parenting style among college students in india and the united states. Journal of Children and Family Studies, 22, 684-693. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9621-1.

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319.

Bayani, A. A., Koocheky, A. M., & Bayani, A. (2008). Reliability and validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14,146-151.

Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In M. L. Hoffman & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.), Review of child development research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986). A revision of the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego-identity Status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 183-198.

Benson, J. E., & Johnson, M. K. (2009). Adolescent family context and adult identity formation. Journal of Family Issues, 30(9), 1265–1286. doi:10.1177/0192513X093.32967.

Berzonsky, M.D. (2003). Identity style and well-being: does commitment Matter. Identity, 3 (2), 131-142, doi: 10.1207/s1532706xid030203.

Berzonsky, M.D., & Kuk, L.S. (2000). Identity status, identity processing style, and the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15 (1), 81 – 98. doi: 10.1177/0743558400151005.

Brown, L., & Iyengar, S. (2008) Parenting styles: the impact on student achievement. Marriage & Family Review, 43(1-2), 14-38. doi: 10.1080/01494920802010140.

Buri, J.R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire, Journal of Personality Assessment, 57 (1), 110-119. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13.

Cakir, S.G., & Aydin, G. (2005). Parental attitudes and ego identity status

of turkish adolescents. Adolescence, 40 (160), 847-859.

Chan, S.M., Bowes, J., & Wyver, S. (2009). Parenting style as a context for emotion socialization. Early Education and Development, 20 (4), 631-656. doi: 10.1080/10409280802541973.

Coolican, H. (2014). Research methods and statistics in psychology (6th ed.). Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.

Cripps, K., & Zyromski, B. (2009) Adolescents’ psychological well-being and perceived parental involvement: implications for parental involvement in middle schools. Research in Middle Level Education, 33 (4), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/19404476.2009.11462067.

Dariling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychological Bulleting, 113 (3), 487 – 497. doi: 10.1348/0261510041552765.

Ghassemi, A. E. (2017). Assessing college students’ ego-identity status and their use of motivational regulation strategies, International Journal of Mental Health. doi: 10.1080/00207411.2017.1367449.

Ginsburg, G. S., & Bronstein, P. (1993). Family factors related to children’s

intrinsic/extrinsic motivational orientation and academic performance.

Child Development. 64, 146 I - 1474.

Grové, L.C., & Naudé, L. (2016). Identity status and perceived parenting style in adolescents living in central South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26 (2), 189-193. doi:10.1080/14330237.2016.1172811.

Ickes, W., Park, A., & Johnson,A. (2012). Linking identity status to strength of sense of self: theory and validation. Self and Identity, 11:4, 531-544. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2011.625646.

Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a new classification of nonexperimental quantitative research. Educational Researcher, 30 (2), 3-13.

Kailay, E., & Rus, C.(2014).Psychometric properties of the 44-item version of ryff's psychological well-being scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30 (1), 15-21. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000163.

Knafo-Noam, A., & Schwartz, S.H. (2004). Identity status and parent-child congruence in adolescence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 439–458.

Kroger, J. (2000). Ego identity status research in the new millennium. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(2), 145-148. doi: 10.1080/016502500383250.

Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Pollock, S. (2008). Employment, sense of coherence, and identity formation: Contextual and psychological processes on the pathway to sense of adulthood. Journal of

Adolescent Research, 23, 566–591.

Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Duriez, B. (2009). Basic need satisfaction and identity formation: Bridging self-determination theory and process-oriented identity research. Journal of Counseling

Psychology, 56, 276–288.

Maccoby, E. E. and Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent -child value interaction. In a Mussen, P. H. (eds.) Handbook of child psychology. New York:Wiley.

Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York: Wiley.

Marcia, J. E. (1994). The empirical study of ego identity. In H. A. Bosma & L. G. Tobi (Eds.), Identity and Development: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.

Marcia, J.E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3 (5), 551-558. doi: 0.1037/h0023281.

McBride-Chang, C. & Chang, L. (1998). Adolescent-parent relations in hong kong: parenting styles, emotional autonomy, and school achievement. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159 (4), 421-436. doi: 10.1080/00221329809596162.

Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Volleberg, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19, 419–461.

Megreya, A.M. & Ahmed, R.A. (2011) A cross-cultural investigation of identity statuses in Middle Eastern countries. The Journal of North African Studies, 16(1), 49-57. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2010.496231.

Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of Childhood and Family Studies, 16, 39-47. doi: 10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5.

Rivers, J., Mullis, A.K., Fortner, L.A., & Mullis, R.L. (2012). Relationships between parenting styles and the academic performance of adolescents. Journal of Family Social Work, 15 (3), 202-216. doi: 10.1080/10522158.2012.666644.

Ryeng,M.S., Kroger, J., & Martinussen, M. (2013). Identity status and authoritarianism: a meta-analysis. Identity, 13 (3), 242-252, doi: 10.1080/15283488.2013.799434.

Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.

Sandhu, D., Singh,B., Tung,S. & Kundra, N. (2012). Adolescent identity formation, psychological well-being, and parental attitudes. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 27, (1), 89-105.

Schawartz, S.J., Donnelan, B., Ravert, R.D., Luycks, K., & Zamboanga, Byron. (2012). Identity development, personality and well-being in adolescence and emerging adulthood. In A I.B., Weiner, R.M., Lerner, M.A., Easterbrooks, & Mistry, J. (eds) Handbook of Psychology, Developmental Psychology. Wiley.

Schwartz, S.J., Mullis, Waterman, A.S., & Dunham, R.M. (2000). Ego identity status, identity style, and personal expressiveness: an empirical investigation of three convergent constructs. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15 (4), 504-521.

Sestito, L.A. & Sica, L.S. (2014). Identity formation of Italian emerging adults living with

parents: a narrative study. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1435-1447. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.013.

Shucksmith, J., Hendry, L.B., & Glendinning, A. (1995). Models of parenting: implications for adolescent well-being within different types of family context. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 253-270.

Simons, L.G., & Conger, R.D. (2007). Linking mother–father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28 (2), 212-241. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06294593.

Smetana, J. (1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence.

Child Development. 66, 299-3 16.

Smits. I., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K. Duriez, B., Berzonsky, M., & Goossens, L. (2008). Perceived parenting dimensions and identity styles: exploring the socialization of adolescents’ processing of identity-relevant information. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 151-164.

Sorkhabi, N. (2012). Parent socialization effects in different cultures: significance of directive parenting. Psychological Reports, 110 (3), 854-878. doi:10.2466/10.02.17.21.

Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17 (2), 125-146. doi: 10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1.

Syed, M. & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2012). Personality development from adolescence to emerging adulthood: linking trajectories of ego development to the family context and identity formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104 (2), 371-384. doi: 10.1037/a0030070.

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson, Boston.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-11

Issue

Section

Articles