University Educator and Staff Well-being and Common Mental Health Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines

Justin Vianey M. Embalsado, John Ian Wilzon T. Dizon, Airajoy Keynn S. Medina, Lee Vergel S. Estacio, Beatriz C. Balilu, Mary Anne Joseph T. Montoya, Reymond Neal C. Cruz, Cherry Lou M. De Ala, Olga Angelinetta P. Tulabut, Roger S. Mangalus, Abigail B. Gonzales, Jonee O. Miranda, June R. De Leon

Abstract


Educators and staff adapted to work-from-home setup amidst the covid-19 pandemic.  The transition to full-online classes and services leads to poor mental health. The current study explored the association of educator and staff personal characteristics, well-being, and mental health.  326 university employees completed the demographic profile, mental health, and well-being scales. Various hierarchical regression was conducted to determine if personal characteristics and well-being predict common mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress). Series of multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the difference between the levels of mental health symptoms according to mental health category, and personal characteristics. The results support the hypothesis with psychological and emotional well-being inversely predicting depression, anxiety, and stress. However, social well-being failed to serve as a significant determinant of common mental health symptoms. MANOVA obtained a significant difference with common mental health symptoms and mental health category and personal characteristics.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Karataş, Z., Kabasakal, Z., & Kılınç, M. (2020). Meaningful Living to Promote Complete Mental Health Among University Students in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00416-8

Atiles, J. T., Almodóvar, M., Chavarría Vargas, A., Dias, M. J. A., & Zúñiga León, I. M. (2021). International responses to COVID-19: challenges faced by early childhood professionals. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1872674

Banna, M. H. Al, Sayeed, A., Kundu, S., Christopher, E., Hasan, M. T., Begum, M. R., Kormoker, T., Dola, S. T. I., Hassan, M. M., Chowdhury, S., & Khan, M. S. I. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the adult population in Bangladesh: a nationwide cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 00(00), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1802409

Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S–80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768

Berndt, E. R., Bailit, H. L., Keller, M. B., Verner, J. C., & Finkelstein, S. N. (2000). Health care use and at-work productivity among employees with mental disorders. Health Affairs, 19(4), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.19.4.244

Bolo, C., Sareen, J., Patten, S., Schmitz, N., Currie, S., & Wang, J. (2013). Receiving workplace mental health accommodations and the outcome of mental disorders in employees with a depressive and/or anxiety disorder. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(11), 1293–1299. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31829fd065

Boreham, P., Povey, J., & Tomaszewski, W. (2015). Work and social well-being: the impact of employment conditions on quality of life. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(6), 593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1027250

Brown, S. L., Bulanda, J. R., & Lee, G. R. (2005). The significance of nonmarital cohabitation: Marital status and mental health benefits among middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.1.S21

Ceri, V., & Cicek, I. (2021). Psychological Well-Being, Depression, and Stress During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Healthcare Professionals and Non-Healthcare Professionals. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1859566

Cicognani, E. (2014). Social Well-Being. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 6193–6197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2797

Cleland, J., McKimm, J., Fuller, R., Taylor, D., Janczukowicz, J., & Gibbs, T. (2020). Adapting to the impact of COVID-19: Sharing stories, sharing practice. Medical Teacher, 42(7), 772–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1757635.

Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., Bottrell, D., Armstrong, D., Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2017). Social support, academic adversity and academic buoyancy: A person-centred analysis and implications for academic outcomes. Educational Psychology, 37, 550–564.

Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1994). Occupational Stress, Social Support, Job Control, and Psychological Well-Being. Human Relations, 47(12), 1523–1544. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404701205.

Ferguson, K., Mang, C., & Frost, L. (2012). Teacher Stress and Social Support Usage. Brock Education Journal, 26(2), 62-86.

Gloria, C.T., & Steinhardt, M.A. (2013). Flourishing, languishing, and depressed postdoctoral fellows: Differences in stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Postdoctoral Affairs, 3(1), 1-8.

Goldfarb, Y., Gal, E., & Golan, O. (2021). Implications of Employment Changes Caused by COVID-19 on Mental Health and Work-Related Psychological Need Satisfaction of Autistic Employees: A Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04902-3

Hamouche, S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions. Emerald Open Research, 2, 15. https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13550.1

Hindman, A. H., & Bustamante, A. S. (2019). Teacher depression as a dynamic variable: Exploring the nature and predictors of change over the head start year. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 61(March 2019), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.09.004

Iasevoli, F., Fornaro, M., D’Urso, G., Galletta, D., Casella, C., Paternoster, M., Buccelli, C., & De Bartolomeis, A. (2020). Psychological distress in serious mental illness patients during the COVID-19 outbreak and one-month mass quarantine in Italy. In Psychological Medicine (pp. 1–3). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001841

Karaar, B., & Canli, D. (2020). Psychological resilience and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.24869/PSYD.2020.273

Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social Well-Being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2),121. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065.

Keyes, C. L. M., & Brim, G. (2002). Keyes and human development program through mem-and lopez. Journal of Health and Social Research, 43(2), 207–222.

Keyes, C. (2009). Overview of The Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.24204.62088.

Knoesen, R., & Naudé, L. (2018). Experiences of flourishing and languishing during the first year at university. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1370635,

KoÅ¡ir, K., Dugonik, S., Huskić, A., GraÄner, J., Kokol, Z., & Krajnc, Z. (2020) Predictors of perceived teachers’ and school counsellors’ work stress in the transition period of online education in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, Educational Studies, DOI: 10.1080/03055698.2020.1833840.

Lades, L., Laffan, K., Daly, M., & Delaney, L. (2020). Daily emotional wellâ€being during the COVIDâ€19 pandemic. British Journal Of Health Psychology, 25(4), 902-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12450

Langeland, E. (2014). Emotional Well-Being. Encyclopedia Of Quality Of Life And Well-Being Research, 1874-1876. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_859

Larson, J. S. (1996). The World Health Organization’s definition of health: Social versus spiritual health. Social Indicators Research, 38(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300458.

Liu, Q., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T. (2009). Psychological well-being, depression, and anxiety in Japanese university students. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), E99–E105. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20455

Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2nd Ed.)Sydney: Psychology Foundation.

Majumdar, P., Biswas, A., & Sahu, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India. Chronobiology International, 00(00), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1786107

Minkos, M. L., & Gelbar, N. W. (2021). Considerations for educators in supporting student learning in the midst of COVID-19. Psychology in the Schools, 58(2), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22454

Misheva, V. (2015). What Determines Emotional Well-Being? The Role of Adverse Experiences: Evidence Using Twin Data. Journal Of Happiness Studies, 17(5), 1921-1937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9678-9

Paulino, M., Dumas-Diniz, R., Brissos, S., Brites, R., Alho, L., Simões, M. R., & Silva, C. F. (2021). COVID-19 in Portugal: exploring the immediate psychological impact on the general population. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 26(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1808236

Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. (2020). Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic. New England Journal Of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2008017

Pieh, C., O′Rourke, T., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). Relationship quality and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS ONE, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238906

Plaisier, I., de Bruijn, J. G. M., de Graaf, R., Have, M. ten, Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2007). The contribution of working conditions and social support to the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders among male and female employees. Social Science and Medicine, 64(2), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.008

Posel, D., Oyenubi, A., & Kollamparambil, U. (2021). Job loss and mental health during the COVID- 19 lockdown: Evidence from South Africa. PLoS ONE, 16(3 March), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249352

Preece, M., Cayley, P. M., Scheuchl, U., & Lam, R. W. (2006). The relevance of an employee assistance program to the treatment of workplace depression. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 21(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1300/J490v21n01_06

Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(March), 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066

Restubog, S., Ocampo, A., & Wang, L. (2020). Taking control amidst the chaos: Emotion regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103440

Roberts, A., LoCasale-Crouch, J., Hamre, B., & DeCoster, J. (2016). Exploring Teachers’ Depressive Symptoms, Interaction Quality, and Children’s Social-Emotional Development in Head Start. Early Education and Development, 27(5), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1127088

Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kumar, S., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(1), 2020.

Ruffolo, M., Price, D., Schoultz, M., Leung, J., Bonsaksen, T., Thygesen, H., & Geirdal, A. Ø. (2021). Employment Uncertainty and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Initial Social Distancing Implementation: a Cross-national Study. Global Social Welfare, 8(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-020-00201-4

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. 69(4), 719–727.

Saladino, V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020). The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684.

Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine Teachers’ Practices to Deal with Anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6–7), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225

Tang, F., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Kelifa, M. M., He, Q., & Wang, P. (2021). COVID-19 related depression and anxiety among quarantined respondents. Psychology and Health, 36(2), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1782410

Terry, D. J., Nielsen, M., & Perchard, L. (1993). Effects of work stress on psychological well-being and job satisfaction: The stress-buffering role of social support. Australian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049539308259135

Thisted, C. N., Labriola, M., Vinther Nielsen, C., Kristiansen, S. T., Strøm, J., & Bjerrum, M. B. (2020). Managing employees’ depression from the employees’, co-workers’ and employers’ perspectives. An integrative review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(4), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1499823

Thorsteinsson, E. , Brown, R. & Richards, C. (2014). The Relationship between Work-Stress, Psychological Stress and Staff Health and Work Outcomes in Office Workers. Psychology, 5, 1301-1311. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.510141.

Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N. Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, L. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., van der Linden, S., Van Lange, P. A. M., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. & Willer, R. (2021).Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 460-471. doi:10.31234/osf.io/y38m

Van, D., McLaws, M. L., Crimmins, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Seale, H. (2010). University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009. BMC Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-130

Vinkers, C. H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K., Howes, O. D., Manchia, M., Pinto, L., de Quervain, D., Schmidt, M. V., & van der Wee, N. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. European neuropsychopharmacology: the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003

Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y

Williams, L., Zhang, R., & Packard, K. C. (2017). Factors affecting the physical and mental health of older adults in China: The importance of marital status, child proximity, and gender. SSM - Population Health, 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.11.005

Wood, A. M., & Joseph, S. (2010). The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(3), 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032

Xu, X., Xue, K., Wang, L., Gursoy, D., & Song, Z. (2021) Effects of customer-to-customer social interactions in virtual travel communities on brand attachment: The mediating role of social well-being. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 2211-9736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100790

Yamaguchi, K., Takebayashi, Y., Miyamae, M., Komazawa, A., Yokoyama, C., & Ito, M. (2020). Role of Focusing on the Positive Side During COVID-19 Outbreak: Mental Health Perspective From Positive Psychology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000807

Yang, H., & Ma, J. (2020). How an Epidemic Outbreak Impacts Happiness: Factors that worsen (vs. protect) emotional well-being during the coronavirus pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113045

Yenan Wang, Yu Di, Junjie Ye & Wenbin Wei (2020): Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China, Psychology, Health & Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v11i1.21877

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH, COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
Program Pascasarjana Magister Psikologi
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta
Penerbit UAD Press

ISSN Printed 2088-3129 ISSN Online 2460 8467
EMAIL: jehcp@psy.uad.ac.id
 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats