The Role of Religiosity and Spiritual Meaningfullness towards Cyberbullying Behavior
Abstract
Several previous studies have explained that cyberbullying has a negative impact on the victim. Currently, there are no research findings that examine the relationship between religiosity and spiritual meaning with cyberbullying. The current study is conducted to answer the gap of existing knowledge. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between religiosity and spiritual meaning with cyberbullying behavior. The research sample the students from a private university in Yogyakarta totaling 152 people (74 (49.3%) male; 76 (50.7%) female) who were taken by purposive sampling technique. Three questionnaires were used to collect the data. Regression analysis was implemented. The results of this study indicated that there is a very significant relationship between religiosity and spiritual meaningfulness with cyberbullying behavior. The implication of this research is to emphasize the role of religiosity and spiritual meaning for adolescents to prevent cyberbullying behavior.
Keywords: Religiosity, spiritual meaning, and cyberbullying behavior
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Ang, R.P., & Goh, D.H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev,41, 387-397.
Arianti, F. P., Anggraini, A. N., Paryati, T.,&Fatimah (2020). Hubungan religiusitas dengan
perilaku cyberbullying pada remaja SMP 12 Yogyakarta. Laporan penelitian.
Universitas Alma Alta. Yogyakarta
Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. (2001). If you love me, keep my commandments: A meta-analysis
of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38,
–21.
Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46(1), 149–157.
Baker, O. E., & Tanrikulu, I. (2010). Psychological consequences o of cyberbullying experiences amongTurkish secondary school children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 2771-2776.
Barlett, C.P., & Chamberlin, K. (2017). Examining cyberbullying across the lifespan. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 444-449. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.009.
Barton, A. L., Snider, J. B., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Cox, J. L. (2014). Adolescent religiosity as a mediator of the relationship between parentalreligiosity and adolescent health outcomes. Journal of Religion andHealth, 53, 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9596-7.
Brailovskaia, J., Teismann, T., &Margraf, J. (2018). Cyberbullying, positive mental health and suicide ideation/behavior Psychiatry Research,267, 240-242.
Cappadocia, M.C., Craig, W.M., & Pepler, D. (2013). Cyberbullying: prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can. J. Sch. Psychol. 28 (2), 171–192.
Carone, D. A., & Barone, D. F. (2001). A social cognitive perspective on religious beliefs: Their functionsand impact on coping and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 989–1003.
Casey, D. M., Williams, R. J., Mossière, A. M., Schopflocher, D.P., el-Guebaly, N., Hodgins,
D. C., Smith, G. J., & Wood, R. T. (2011). The role of family, religiosity, and
behavior in adolescent gambling. Journal of Adolescence 34, 841–851.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.02.002.
Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(6),529–537.
Davis, T. L., Kerr, B. A., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2003). Meaning, purpose, and religiosity in at-
risk youth: Therelationship between anxiety and spirituality. Journal of Psychology &
Theology, 31(4), 356–365.
Debnam, K. J., Bradshaw, C. P., Milam, A. J., Mullen, M. M., & Lacey, K. (2017). The
moderating role of spirituality in the association between stress and substance use
among adolescents: Differences by gender. Journal of Youth Adolescence,
DOI 10.1007/s10964-017-0687-3.
Dutkova, K., Holubcikova, J., Kravcova, M., Babincak, P., Tavel, P., & Geckova, A. M. (2017).
Is spiritualwell-being among adolescents associated with a lower level of bullying
behaviour? The mediatingeffect of perceived bullying behaviour of peers. Journal Of
Religion and Health, 56(6), 2212–2221.
Frankl, V. (1977). Man’s search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. London : Hodder & Stoughton.
Glock, C., Y.,& Stark, R. (1965). Religion and society in tension. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Gradinger, P.,Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C.(2009). Traditional bullying, andcyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems.Journal of Psychology, 217(4),205-213.
Graham, R., &Wood Jr, F. R. (2018). Associations between cyberbullying victimization and deviant health risk behaviors.The Social Science Journal. Article in press.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.05.005.
Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2007). Religious Social Identity as an Explanatory Factor for Associations between More Frequent Formal Religious Participation and Psychological Well-Being. The International journal for the psychology of religion, 17(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701402309
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Horton, G. E., Luna, N., & Malloy, T. (2016). Associations betweenspirituality, meaning in
life, and depressive disorders among asample of individuals in treatment for
substance-use disorders.Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 18(4), 283–299.
Kinanti, D. R., & Hartati, N. (2017). The effect of self esteem, social support, and religious orientation toward cyberbullying intention on adolescent at senior high school. Tazkiyah: Journal of Psychology,22(2), 191-202.
Koenig, H. G., Al Zaben, F., & Khalifa, D. A. (2012). Religion, spirituality and mental health in the Westand the Middle East. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 180–182.
Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: a Critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol. Bul, 140 (4), 1073–1137.
Låftman, S.B., Modin, B., & Östberg, V. (2013). Cyberbullying and subjective health: a large scale study of students in Stockholm, Sweden. Child Youth Serv. Rev, 35 (1), 112–119.
Landor, A., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Simons, L. G., & Brody , G. H. (2011). The role of
religiosity in the relationship between parents, peers, and adolescent risky sexual
behavior. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40, 296–309. DOI 10.1007/s10964-010-9598.
Lee, C & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behaviour, 68, 352-358.
Leung, A. N. M., Wong, N., & Farver, J. M. (2018). Cyberbullying in Hong Kong Chinese students: Life satisfaction, and the moderating role of friendship qualities on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.016.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control:
Associations, explanations, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69–93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014213.
Pickering, L. E., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2010). Does family process mediate the effect of
religiosity on adolescent deviance? Revisiting the notion of spuriousness. Criminal
Justice and Behavior, 37, 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809347813.
Pargament, K. I. (2007). The psychology of religion and coping: theory, research,
practice. New York: Guilford Press.
Peled, Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional
development of undergraduate students. Heliyon, 5, e01393.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393.
Peter, I., &Petermann, F. (2018). Cyberbullying: A concept analysis of defining attributes
and additional influencing factors. Computers in Human Behavior.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.013.
Pirutinsky, S. (2014). Does religiousness increase self-control and reduce criminal behavior?
A longitudinal analysis of adolescent offenders.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 1290–1307.
Safaria, T., & Suyono, H. (2020). The role of parent-child relationship, school climate, happiness,and empathy to predict cyberbullying behavior. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9, (3), 548~557. DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20299.
Safaria, T. (2016). Prevalence and impact of cyberbullying in a sample of indonesian junior high school students. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,15(1), 82-91.
Safaria, T. (2015). Are daily spiritual experiences, self-esteem and family harmony predictors of cyberbullying among high school student?. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 4(3), 23-34.
Sheldrake, P.,( 2013)The new SCM dictionary of Christian Spirituality, SCM
Press, London.
Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in
the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 363–394.
Sinha, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness amongadolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 834–837.
Smith, C. (2003). Theorizing religious effects among American adolescents.Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-
Sung Hong, J., Ha Kim, D., Thornberg, R., Hyeok Kang, J., & Morgan, J. T. (2018).
Correlates of direct and indirect forms of cyberbullying victimization involving
South Korean adolescents: An ecological perspective. Computers in Human
Behavior, 87, 327–336.
Thoresen, C. E. (1998). Spirituality, health, and science: The coming revival? In S. Roth-Roemer, S. R. Kurpius, & C. Carmin (Eds.), The emerging role of counseling psychology in health care (p. 409–431). W W Norton & Co.
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287.
VonDras, D. D., Schmitt, R. R., & Marx, D. (2007). Associations between aspects of spiritual
well-being,alcohol use, and related social-cognitions in female college students.
Journal of Religion and Health,46(4), 500–515.
Watts, L.K., Wagner, J., Velasquez, B., & Behrens, P.I.. (2017). Cyberbullying in higher
education: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior 69, 268-274.
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress, IL: Research Press.
Wong, N., & McBride, C. (2018). Fun over conscience: Fun-seeking tendencies in cyberbullying perpetration. Computers in Human Behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.0
Yadav, M.,&Yadav, R. (2018). Impact of spirituality/religiousness on cyber bullying and victimization in university students: Mediating effect of emotional intelligence. JournalReligion and Health.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0637-8.
Zhou, Z., Tang, H., Tian, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, F., &Morrison, C.M., (2013). Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. Sch. Psychol. Int, 34 (6), 630–647.
Zych, I., Anna C. Baldry, A. C., David P. Farrington, D. P., & Vicente J. Llorent, V. J.
(2017).Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic
review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying
roles. Aggression and Violent Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.03.004.
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Facts, knowledge, prevention, and intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 1–21.
Ang, R.P., & Goh, D.H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev,41, 387-397.
Arianti, F. P., Anggraini, A. N., Paryati, T.,&Fatimah (2020). Hubungan religiusitas dengan
perilaku cyberbullying pada remaja SMP 12 Yogyakarta. Laporan penelitian.
Universitas Alma Alta. Yogyakarta
Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. (2001). If you love me, keep my commandments: A meta-analysis
of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38,
–21.
Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46(1), 149–157.
Baker, O. E., & Tanrikulu, I. (2010). Psychological consequences o of cyberbullying experiences amongTurkish secondary school children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 2771-2776.
Barlett, C.P., & Chamberlin, K. (2017). Examining cyberbullying across the lifespan. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 444-449. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.009.
Barton, A. L., Snider, J. B., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Cox, J. L. (2014). Adolescent religiosity as a mediator of the relationship between parentalreligiosity and adolescent health outcomes. Journal of Religion andHealth, 53, 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9596-7.
Brailovskaia, J., Teismann, T., &Margraf, J. (2018). Cyberbullying, positive mental health and suicide ideation/behavior Psychiatry Research,267, 240-242.
Cappadocia, M.C., Craig, W.M., & Pepler, D. (2013). Cyberbullying: prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can. J. Sch. Psychol. 28 (2), 171–192.
Carone, D. A., & Barone, D. F. (2001). A social cognitive perspective on religious beliefs: Their functionsand impact on coping and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 989–1003.
Casey, D. M., Williams, R. J., Mossière, A. M., Schopflocher, D.P., el-Guebaly, N., Hodgins,
D. C., Smith, G. J., & Wood, R. T. (2011). The role of family, religiosity, and
behavior in adolescent gambling. Journal of Adolescence 34, 841–851.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.02.002.
Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(6),529–537.
Davis, T. L., Kerr, B. A., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2003). Meaning, purpose, and religiosity in at-
risk youth: Therelationship between anxiety and spirituality. Journal of Psychology &
Theology, 31(4), 356–365.
Debnam, K. J., Bradshaw, C. P., Milam, A. J., Mullen, M. M., & Lacey, K. (2017). The
moderating role of spirituality in the association between stress and substance use
among adolescents: Differences by gender. Journal of Youth Adolescence,
DOI 10.1007/s10964-017-0687-3.
Dutkova, K., Holubcikova, J., Kravcova, M., Babincak, P., Tavel, P., & Geckova, A. M. (2017).
Is spiritualwell-being among adolescents associated with a lower level of bullying
behaviour? The mediatingeffect of perceived bullying behaviour of peers. Journal Of
Religion and Health, 56(6), 2212–2221.
Frankl, V. (1977). Man’s search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. London : Hodder & Stoughton.
Glock, C., Y.,& Stark, R. (1965). Religion and society in tension. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Gradinger, P.,Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C.(2009). Traditional bullying, andcyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems.Journal of Psychology, 217(4),205-213.
Graham, R., &Wood Jr, F. R. (2018). Associations between cyberbullying victimization and deviant health risk behaviors.The Social Science Journal. Article in press.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.05.005.
Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2007). Religious Social Identity as an Explanatory Factor for Associations between More Frequent Formal Religious Participation and Psychological Well-Being. The International journal for the psychology of religion, 17(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701402309
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Horton, G. E., Luna, N., & Malloy, T. (2016). Associations betweenspirituality, meaning in
life, and depressive disorders among asample of individuals in treatment for
substance-use disorders.Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 18(4), 283–299.
Kinanti, D. R., & Hartati, N. (2017). The effect of self esteem, social support, and religious orientation toward cyberbullying intention on adolescent at senior high school. Tazkiyah: Journal of Psychology,22(2), 191-202.
Koenig, H. G., Al Zaben, F., & Khalifa, D. A. (2012). Religion, spirituality and mental health in the Westand the Middle East. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 180–182.
Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: a Critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol. Bul, 140 (4), 1073–1137.
Låftman, S.B., Modin, B., & Östberg, V. (2013). Cyberbullying and subjective health: a large scale study of students in Stockholm, Sweden. Child Youth Serv. Rev, 35 (1), 112–119.
Landor, A., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Simons, L. G., & Brody , G. H. (2011). The role of
religiosity in the relationship between parents, peers, and adolescent risky sexual
behavior. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40, 296–309. DOI 10.1007/s10964-010-9598.
Lee, C & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behaviour, 68, 352-358.
Leung, A. N. M., Wong, N., & Farver, J. M. (2018). Cyberbullying in Hong Kong Chinese students: Life satisfaction, and the moderating role of friendship qualities on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.016.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control:
Associations, explanations, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69–93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014213.
Pickering, L. E., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2010). Does family process mediate the effect of
religiosity on adolescent deviance? Revisiting the notion of spuriousness. Criminal
Justice and Behavior, 37, 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809347813.
Pargament, K. I. (2007). The psychology of religion and coping: theory, research,
practice. New York: Guilford Press.
Peled, Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional
development of undergraduate students. Heliyon, 5, e01393.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393.
Peter, I., &Petermann, F. (2018). Cyberbullying: A concept analysis of defining attributes
and additional influencing factors. Computers in Human Behavior.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.013.
Pirutinsky, S. (2014). Does religiousness increase self-control and reduce criminal behavior?
A longitudinal analysis of adolescent offenders.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 1290–1307.
Safaria, T., & Suyono, H. (2020). The role of parent-child relationship, school climate, happiness,and empathy to predict cyberbullying behavior. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9, (3), 548~557. DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20299.
Safaria, T. (2016). Prevalence and impact of cyberbullying in a sample of indonesian junior high school students. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,15(1), 82-91.
Safaria, T. (2015). Are daily spiritual experiences, self-esteem and family harmony predictors of cyberbullying among high school student?. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 4(3), 23-34.
Sheldrake, P.,( 2013)The new SCM dictionary of Christian Spirituality, SCM
Press, London.
Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in
the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 363–394.
Sinha, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness amongadolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 834–837.
Smith, C. (2003). Theorizing religious effects among American adolescents.Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-
Sung Hong, J., Ha Kim, D., Thornberg, R., Hyeok Kang, J., & Morgan, J. T. (2018).
Correlates of direct and indirect forms of cyberbullying victimization involving
South Korean adolescents: An ecological perspective. Computers in Human
Behavior, 87, 327–336.
Thoresen, C. E. (1998). Spirituality, health, and science: The coming revival? In S. Roth-Roemer, S. R. Kurpius, & C. Carmin (Eds.), The emerging role of counseling psychology in health care (p. 409–431). W W Norton & Co.
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287.
VonDras, D. D., Schmitt, R. R., & Marx, D. (2007). Associations between aspects of spiritual
well-being,alcohol use, and related social-cognitions in female college students.
Journal of Religion and Health,46(4), 500–515.
Watts, L.K., Wagner, J., Velasquez, B., & Behrens, P.I.. (2017). Cyberbullying in higher
education: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior 69, 268-274.
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress, IL: Research Press.
Wong, N., & McBride, C. (2018). Fun over conscience: Fun-seeking tendencies in cyberbullying perpetration. Computers in Human Behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.0
Yadav, M.,&Yadav, R. (2018). Impact of spirituality/religiousness on cyber bullying and victimization in university students: Mediating effect of emotional intelligence. JournalReligion and Health.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0637-8.
Zhou, Z., Tang, H., Tian, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, F., &Morrison, C.M., (2013). Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. Sch. Psychol. Int, 34 (6), 630–647.
Zych, I., Anna C. Baldry, A. C., David P. Farrington, D. P., & Vicente J. Llorent, V. J.
(2017).Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic
review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying
roles. Aggression and Violent Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.03.004.
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Facts, knowledge, prevention, and intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 1–21.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v10i2.20602
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