A Bilingual Identity-oriented Taxonomy of Nonlinear Dynamic Motivational Strategies

Akbar Bahari

Abstract


To fill the gap of a comprehensive taxonomic framework that includes language and identity-related concepts, a taxonomy of bilingual identities was arranged at psychological, social and cultural levels drawing on Schelling’s Theory of Symbolic Language. The proposed taxonomy enables addressing nonlinearity and dynamicity of L2 motivation by utilizing nonlinear dynamic motivational strategies. Addressing the psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of L2 motivation from a bilingual perspective enables L2 teachers to keep the identified motivational factors in motion regardless of their homogeneity or heterogeneity throughout the learning-teaching process. Addressing the diverse nature of individual learner differences without pushing the learner group toward equal and static performance despite the motivational heterogeneity at the cost of forming a cohesive learner group is the main theoretical implication of the study.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality and Behavior. Chicago: Dorsey Press.

Alharbi, F. (2017). The dynamics of the L2 motivational self system among Saudi study abroad students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.

Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms, goals, structures and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 267–271.

Baker, C. (2000). A parents’ and teachers’ guide to bilingualism. 2nd edition. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Bakhtin, M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.

Basturkmen, H., Loewen, S., & Ellis, R. (2002). Metalanguage in focus on form in the communicative classroom. Language Awareness, 11(1), 1-13.

Beckett, G. H., & Slater, T. (2005). The project framework: A tool for language, content, and skills integration. ELT Journal, 59, 108–116.

Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2010). Multilingualism: A critical perspective. London: Continuum.

Boo, Z., Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). L2 motivation research 2005e2014: Understanding a publication surge and a changing landscape. System, 55, 145–157.

de Bot, K., Lowie,W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 7–21.

Buxbaum, E. (1949). The role of a second language in the formation of ego and superego. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 18, 279–289.

Canagarajah, S. (2004). Subversive identities, pedagogical safe houses, and critical learning. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds.), Critical pedagogies and language learning (pp. 116–37).New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Carver, C.S., & Scheier M.F. (1998). On the Self-regulation of Behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Cha, J. S., & Kim, T. Y. (2013). Effects of English e-learning motivation and language anxiety of elementary school students on willingness to communicate in English and English speaking. Primary English Education, 19, 271–294.

Cheng, R. W., Lam, S., & Chan, J. C. (2008). When high achievers and low achievers work in the same group: The roles of group heterogeneity and processes in project-based learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 205–221.

Chulef, A., Read. S., Walsh. D. (2001). A hierarchical taxonomy of human goals. Motivation and Emotion. 25(3), 191–232.

Covington, M. (1992). Making the Grade: A Self-Worth Perspective on Motivation and School Reform. Cambridge: Cam

Csizér, K., & Magid, M. (Eds.). (2014). The impact of self-concept on language learning. Bristol, United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters.

Clarke, M. (1976). Second language acquisition as a clash of consciousness. Language Learning, 26(2), 377–390.

Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9–42). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Dörnyei, Z., & Chan, L. (2013). Motivation and vision: An analysis of future L2 self-images, sensory styles, and imagery capacity across two target languages. Language Learning, 63, 437–462. doi:10.1111/lang.12005

Dörnyei, Z., & Csizér, K., (2002). Some dynamics of language attitudes and motivation: results of a longitudinal nationwide survey. Applied Linguistics 23, 421–462. doi.org/10.1093/applin/23.4.421

Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. New York, NY: Routledge.

Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Eccles, J., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) and N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1017-1095). New York: Wiley.

Ehrman, M. E. & Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Interpersonal Dynamics in Second Language Education: The Visible and Invisible Classroom. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Fiske, S.T. (2008). Core social motivations: Views from the couch, consciousness, classroom, computers, and collectives. In: Shah JY, Gardner WL, editors. Handbook of motivation science. NY: Guilford Press; p. 3–22.

Foster, R. (1996). The bilingual self: Duet in two voices. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 6(1), 99–121.

Gardner, R.C. (1985). Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.

Guiora, A., Acton, W., Erard, R. & F. Strickland (1980). The effects of benzodiazepine (Valium) on permeability of ego boundaries. Language Learning, 30,351–363.

Harter, S. (1981). A model of mastery motivation in children: Individual differences and developmental change. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), The Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 215–255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Henry, A., & Cliffordson, C. (2013). Motivation, gender, and possible selves. Language Learning, 63, 271–295. doi:10.1111/lang.12009

Henry, A. (2017). L2 Motivation and Multilingual Identities. The Modern Language Journal, 101, 548-565. doi: 10.1111/modl.12412

Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319

Hiver, P., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2016). A dynamic ensemble for second language research: Putting Complexity Theory into practice. Modern Language Journal, 100, 741–756.

Huensch, A., & Thompson, A. S. (2017). Contextualizing attitudes toward pronunciation: Foreign language learners in the US. Foreign Language Annals. doi.org/10.1111/flan.12259

Irvine, J. & Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of language: Ideologies, politics, and identities. Santa Fe, NM/Oxford: School of American Research Press, pp. 35–84.

Joe, H.-K., Hiver, P., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2017). Classroom social climate, self-determined motivation, willingness to communicate, and achievement: A study of structural relationships in instructed second language settings. Learning and Individual Differences, 53, 133-144.

Kaldi, S., Filippatou, D., & Govaris, C. (2011). Project-based learning in primary schools: Effects on pupils' learning and attitudes. Education 3-13, 39, 35–47.

Keane, W. (1999). Voice. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9(1-2), 271–273.

Kim, Y. K., & Kim, T. Y. (2011). The effect of Korean secondary school students’ perceptual learning styles and ideal L2 self on motivated L2 behavior and English proficiency. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 11, 21–42.

Kormos, J., & Csizér, K. (2008). Age-related differences in the motivation of learning English as a foreign language: Attitudes, selves, and motivated learning behavior. Language Learning, 58(2), 327–355. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00443.x

Kormos, J., Kiddle, T., Csize´r, K., 2011. Systems of goals, attitudes, and self-related beliefs in second-language-learning motivation. Applied Linguistics, 32(5), 495–516.

Koven, M. (2007). Selves in Two Languages: Bilinguals' verbal enactments of identity in French and Portuguese. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Krapf, E. (1955). The choice of language in polyglot psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 24, 343–357.

Lamb, M. (2012). A self system perspective on young adolescents' motivation to learn English in urban and rural settings. Language Learning, 62(4), 997–1023.

Lantolf, J (2000). Sociocultural theory and second language learning, pp. 27-50. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Educational Psychologist, 48(3), 135–147.

Lanvers, U. (2016). Lots of selves, some rebellious: Developing the self discrepancy model for language learners. System, 60, 79-92.

Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008). Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Legutke, M., & Thomas, H. (2013). Process and experience in the language classroom. New York, NY: Routledge.

Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science, New York, NY, USA: Harpers.

Liu, Y., & Thompson, A. S. (2017). Language learning motivation in China: An exploration of the L2MSS and psychological reactance. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Maslow, A.H. (1970) Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.

Maehr, M. L. (1984). Meaning and motivation: Toward a theory of personal investment. In R. E. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (pp. 115-144). New York: Academic Press.

Maloof, V., Rubin, D. & Miller, A. (2006). Cultural competence and identity in cross-cultural adaptation: The role of a Vietnamese heritage language school. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 9 (2), 255–273.

Moskovsky, C., Racheva, S., Assulaimani, T., & Harkins, J. (2016). The L2 Motivational Self System and L2 Achievement: A study of Saudi EFL learners. The Modern Language Journal. doi: 10.1111/modl.12340

Nelson, C. (2009). Sexual identities in English language education: Classroom conversations. New York, NY: Routledge.

Noels, K.A., Pelletier, L.G., Clément, R., & Vallerand, R.J. (2000). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and selfâ€determination theory. Language Learning, 50(1), 57–85. doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.53223

Norton, B. (2010). Language and identity. In N. Hornberger & S. McKay (Eds), Sociolinguistics and language education (pp. 349–69). Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters.

Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Papi, M., Bondarenko, A.V., Mansouri, S., Feng, L., Jiang, C. (2018). Rethinking L2 motivation research: The 2 × 2 model of L2 self-guides. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0272263118000153

Pavlenko, A. (2006). Emotions and Multilingualism. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Serafini, E. J. (2017). Exploring the dynamic long-term interaction between cognitive and psychosocial resources in adult second language development at varying proficiency. The Modern Language Journal, 101, 2, doi: 10.1111/modl.12400

Seidman, S. (1995). Deconstructing queer theory or the under-theorization of the social and the ethical. In L. Nicholson & S. Seidman (Eds.), Social postmodernism: Beyond identity politics (pp. 116-141). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language and Communication 23(3), 193-229.

Simpson, O. (2012). Supporting students for success in online and distance education (3rd ed.). New York/Abingdon: Routledge.

Sivan, E. (1986). Motivation in social constructivist theory. Educational Psychologist, 21, 209-233.

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind. Psychological Inquiry 13, 249–275.

Tilliette, X. (1999). Schelling: Biographie. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.

Triplett, N. (1898). "The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition", Amer. J. Psychol., 9 (4), pp. 507-533.

Ushioda, E. & Dörnyei, Z. (2012). Motivation. In S. Gass and A. Mackey (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (pp. 396–409). Abingdon: Routledge.

Weiner, B. (1994). Integrating social and personal theories of achievement motivation. Review of Educational Research, 64, 557-573.

Weiner, B. (1992). Human Motivation: Metaphors, Theories and Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Cambridge University Press.

Wentzel, K. R. (1999). Social-motivational processes and interpersonal relationships: Implications for understanding motivation at school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 76-97.

Whistler, D. (2013). Schelling’s Theory of Symbolic Language Forming the System of Identity. Oxford University Press.

Young, A. S. (1994). Motivational state and process within the sociolinguistic context, an Anglo-French comparative study of school pupils learning foreign languages. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Aston, Birmingham.

Zimmerman, B. J. (2013). From cognitive modeling to self-regulation: A social cognitive career path. Educational Psychologist, 48(3), 135–147 .doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2013.794676




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v9i3.16260

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH, COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
Program Pascasarjana Magister Psikologi
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta
Penerbit UAD Press

ISSN Printed 2088-3129 ISSN Online 2460 8467
EMAIL: jehcp@psy.uad.ac.id
 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats