1.png)
The effects of fresh leaf-to-water ratio and heating time on the antifungal and antioxidant activities of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract
Abstract
More than half of the Indonesian people use herbal medicines to maintain their health, including ones that are served immediately after preparation or also known as jamu gendong. This plant-based medicine is prepared traditionally by boiling using different ratios of leaves to water and heating time. The study was designed to determine the heating time and the fresh leaf-to-water ratio that exhibited the highest antioxidant and antifungal activities against Candida albicans. Fresh betel leaves were extracted by boiling and infusion methods, with the ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 and the heating time of 5 and 10 minutes for boiling and 15 minutes for infusion. The excess water in the resulting extract was removed using a freeze dryer, then the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometry. Meanwhile, the antioxidant and antifungal activities were tested by the DPPH method and microdilution, respectively. The results showed that betel leaf extract with the highest yield and polyphenol content was obtained by infusion with the sample-to-water ratio of 1:10, and this was positively correlated with antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50= 17.4 ppm) and antifungal effect against Candida albicans (MIC= 0.5%).
Â
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abrahim, N.N., Kanthimathi, M.S., Abdul-aziz, A., 2012, Piper betle shows antioxidant activities, inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and increases activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 12(220): 1-12.
Adawiyah Umar, R., Sanusi, A., Nizam Zahary, M., Adzim Khalili Rohin, M., Ismail, S., 2018, Chemical Composition and The Potential Biological Activities of Piper Betel-A Review. Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(1): 1–8.
Ali, A., Lim, X.Y., Chong, C.H., Mah, S.H., Chua, B.L., 2018, Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from betel leaves (Piper betle): Extraction kinetics and modeling. Separation Science and Technology, 53(14) : 2192–2205.
Ali, I., Khan, F.G., Suri, K.A., Gupta, B.D., Satti, N.K., et al., 2010, In vitro antifungal activity of hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L, Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 9(7): 1–9.
Balasubramanian, S., Sharma, R., Gupta, R.K., Patil, R.T., 2011, Validation of drying models and rehydration characteristics of betel (Piper betel L.) leaves, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48: 685–691.
Chauhan, E.S., Aishwarya, J., Singh, A., Tiwari, A., 2016, A Review: Nutraceuticals Properties of Piper betel (Paan). American Journal Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 4(2): 028–041.
Himratul-Aznita, W.H., Mohd-Al-Faisal, N., Fathilah, A.R., 2011, Determination of the percentage inhibition of diameter growth (PIDG) of piper betle crude aqueous extract against oral Candida species. Journal of Medical Plants Research, 5(6) : 878–884.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI, 2011. Suplemen II Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi 1.
Muruganandam, L., Krishna, A., Reddy, J., Nirmala, G.S., 2017, Resource-Efficient Technologies Optimization studies on extraction of phytocomponents from betel leaves. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 3(4): 385–393.
Nalina, T., Rahim, Z.H.A., 2007, The crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. and its antibacterial effect towards Streptococcus mutans. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 3(1): 10–15.
Nur Sazwi, N., Nalina, T., Rahim, Z.H.A., 2013, Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Piper betle, Areca catechu, Uncaria gambir and betel quid with and without calcium hydroxide. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine, 13(351): 1-12.
Pin, K.Y., Chuah, T.G., Rashih, A.A., Rasadah, M.A., Law, C.L., Choong, T.S.Y., 2006, Aqueous Extraction of Hydroxychavicol from Piper Betle L. Leaves, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering & Technology, 146–152.
Rahim, Z.H.A., Thurairajah, N., 2011, Scanning electron microscopic study of Piper betle L. leaves extract effect against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Journal of Applied Oral Science, 19(2), 137–146.
Sarma, C., Rasane, P., Kaur, S., Singh, Jyoti, Singh, Joginder, Gat, Y., Garba, U., Kaur, D., Dhawan, K., 2018, Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of selected varieties of piper betle L. (Betel leaf). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 90(4): 3871–3878.
Sharma, Sandeep, Kumar, M., Sharma, Sujata, Nargotra, A., Koul, S., Khan, I.A., 2010, Piperine as an inhibitor of Rv1258c, a putative multidrug efflux pump of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Journal of Antimicrobal Chemotherapy, 65(8): 1694–1701.
Tan, Y.P., Wei, E., Chan, C., 2014, Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties of fresh and processed leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle, Food Bioscience, 6: 17–23.
Taukoorah, U., Lall, N., Mahomoodally, F., 2016, South African Journal of Botany Piper betle L .
(betel quid ) shows bacteriostatic, additive, and synergistic antimicrobial action when combined with conventional antibiotics, South African Journal of Botany, 105: 133–140.
Thangavelu, T., 2013, Antibacterial effect of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L . against pathogenic bacteria, International Journal Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4(1): 42–46.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v10i1.14257
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sartini Sartini, Nurdiah Khaerawati, Rezky Amalia Kamril, Novi Febriani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Office: Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Prof. Dr. Soepomo, S.H., Janturan, Warungboto, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Kode pos 55164
Email: pharmaciana@pharm.uad.ac.id