TERAPI TOKEN EKONOMI UNTUK MENGUBAH PERILAKU LEKAT DI SEKOLAH
Abstract
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada perilaku lekat di sekolah pada anak yang mengalami gangguan kecemasan berpisah. Token ekonomi sebagai terapi perilaku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi perilaku lekat di sekolah. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Single Case Experimental Design dengan multiple-baseline design. Subyek penelitian berjumlah satu orang siswa sekolah dasar dengan kriteria usia 7 tahun, mengalami gangguan kecemasan berpisah dan memiliki perilaku lekat ketika di sekolah. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan analisis kuantitatif yaitu metode conservative-dual criteria (CDC). Bentukbentuk perilaku lekat di sekolah pada subyek penelitian berupa (1) perilaku memastikan keberadaan figure lekatnya dan menangis ketika tidak berada di tempat, (2) perilaku bertanya materi/tugas kepada ibunya dibanding guru ketika di sekolah, (3) perilaku meminta di tunggu di depan kelas oleh ibunya dan (4) perilaku mendekat ibunya ketika istirahat disbanding temannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terapi token ekonomi dapat mengurangi perilaku lekat di sekolah pada anak yang mengalami gangguan kecemasan berpisah. Sedangkan hasil analisis kualitatif menunjukan bahwa konsistensi orangtua dalam pelaksanaan terapi token ekonomi memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam mengurangi perilaku lekat di sekolah pada anak yang mengalami gangguan kecemasan berpisah.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text revision (4th edition). Washington DC.
Barlow, D.H. & Hersen, M., & Pergamon, W. (1984). Single case experimental designs: strategies for studying behavior change. (2nd Ed) General Psychology Series. New Yowk USA: Pergamon Press.
Carr. A. (2001). Abnormal psychology. New York: Francis: Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group.
Chorpita, B. F. (2001). Control and the development of negative emotion. In M. W.
Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press.
Corey, G. (1997). Teori dan praktek konseling dan psikoterapi. Penerjemah: Koeswara. Bandung: Refika Adifama.
Connolly, S., Cynthia, L.P., & David, A.S. (2006). Anxiety disorders. New York: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing.
Dagun, M. (2002). Psikologi keluarga (peranan ayah dalam keluarga). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Doobay, F. (2008). School refusal associated with separation anxiety disorder: a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Journal of Psychology in the school, 45(4), 132-144.
Durkin, K., (1995), Developmental social psychology. Massachussets: Blackwell Publisher Inc.
Ecke, V.Y., Chope, C.R., & Emmelkamp, M.P. (2006). Bowbly and Bowen: Attachment theory and family therapy. Counseling and clinical psychology journal. Volume: 3 (2). Retrieved from www.psychologicalpublishing.com.
Eisen, R.A., & Schaefer E.C. (2005). Separation anxiety in children and adolescents an individualized aprroach to assessment and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.
Field, C.E., Nash, H. M., Handwerl, M. L., & Firman, P.C. (2004). A modification of the token economy for nonresponsive youth in family-style residential care. Behavior Modification, 28, 438-457.
Flood, W.A., & Wilder, D.A. (2004). The use of defferential reinforcement and fading to increase time away from a caregiver in a child with separation anxiety disorder. Journal of Education & Treatment of Children, Vol. 27. No 1.
Gosschalk, P.O. (2004). Behavioral treatment of acute onset school refusal in a 5-year old girl with separation anxiety disorder. Journal of Education & Treatment of Children, 150(11), 223-234.
Higim, J.W, William R.L, & McLauglin T.F. (2001). The effects of a token economy employing instructional consequenses for a third-grade student with learning disability. Journal of Education and Treatment of Children. 24(1), 432-447.
Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent-child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 3(3), 143-158.
Kearney, A.C. (2001). School refusal behavior a function approach to assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Kearney, A.C., Sims, E.K., Pursel, R.C., Tillotson, A.C. (2003). Separation anxiety disorder in young children: A longitudinal and family analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32 (4), 593-598.
Le Fanu, J. (2006). Deteksi dini masalah-masalah psikologi anak. Yogyakarta: Think.
McLaughlin, T.F., & Williams, R. L. (1998). The Token Economy In J.C. Witt, S.N. Elliot & F.M. Gresham (eds), Handbook of Behavior Therapy in Education. New York : Pleum.
Mofrad, S., & Herbert, M. (2009). Maternal psychological distress and separation anxiety disorder in children. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3), 223-237.
Mofrad, S., & O’Reily, N. (2010). Attachment patterns and separation anxiety symptom. Journal Asian Social Science, 6(11), 323-340.
Monks, P.J., Knoers, A.M.P., & Harditono, S.R. (2002). Psikologi perkembangan: Pengantar dalam berbagai bagiannya. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Nichols, B., & Schwartz, P. (1998). Family therapy concepts and methods. (Fourth edition). USA: Allyn and Bacon.
Ningsih, I. G. (2008). Token ekonomi untuk menurunkan perilaku agresif pada anak usia prasekolah. Tesis (tidak diterbitkan). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Obegi, H.J., & Berant, E. (2009). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: The Guilford Press.
Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(3), 243-255.
Suprihatin, T. (2009). Token ekonomi untuk meningkatkan perilaku memperhatikan pada siswa sd yang mengalami gejala gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas (GPPH). Tesis (tidak diterbitkan). Yogyakarta: Program Magister Profesi Psikologi UGM.
Swoboda, C.M., Kratochwill, T.R., & Levin, J.R. (2010). Conservative dualcriterion method for single-case research: A guide for visual analysis of AB, ABAB, and multiple-baseline designs (WCER Working Paper no. 2010-13). Retrieved from University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin center for Education Research website:http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/publications/workingPapers/papers.php
Wood, J.J. (2007). Dependency on elementary school caregivers: the role of parental intrusiveness and children’s separation anxiety. Journal of Psychology in the schools, Vol 44 (8). Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com ).
Zlomke, K. (2003). Token economy plus self-monitoring to reduce distructive classroom behavior. The Behavior Analyst Today, 4(2), 23-37.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v10i1.325
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal
ISSN 1693-7236 (print), 2598-6368 (online)
Email : humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.