Hashtag war: 2019 Presidential election rhetoric in Indonesia

Avin Fadilla Helmi, Mardhani Riasetiawan, Acintya Ratna Priwati, Itsna Mawadatta Rahma, Arlianto Arlianto, Ramadhan Dwi Marvianto, Rinanda Rizky Amalia Shaleha

Abstract


Twitter as a social media has become increasingly used, including by its use by each Presidential candidate’s stronghold to launch a campaign to influence prospective voters’ electoral decisions in the 2019 Presidential Election in Indonesia. One strategy used in such a campaign on Twitter was by disseminating hashtags that were expected to become trending topics on Twitter. The dissemination of these hashtags aimed to build political rhetoric that can influence prospective voters’ electoral decisions. Thus, this study sought to explore the patterns of hashtags disseminated by each candidate’s stronghold to build political rhetoric and find out public sentiments in the posted Twitter contents. The number of tweets with #Jokowi2Periode and #2019GantiPresiden hashtags during the period of the 2019 Indonesian presidential and vice-presidential debates that were successfully downloaded using MAXQDA 18.1.1 software was 92,276. The research findings revealed that the distribution pattern of the #Jokowi2Periode hashtag tended to be more scattered (decentralized) by relying on the actor’s presentation and the actor’s speed in responding to tweets. In contrast, the spread of the #2019GantiPresiden hashtag was more centralized by relying on communication channels on Twitter. These two distribution patterns are discussed with the perspective of cyber psychology, through cuesfiltered-in and cues-filtered-out theories.

 


Keywords


general election; hashtag; political rhetoric; social media; twitter

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adnan, M., & Longley, P. (2013). Analysis of Twitter usage in London, Paris, and New York City. AGILE 2013, Leuven, Belgium, 14-17 May 2013.

Adnan, M., Longley, P. A., & Khan, S. M. (2014). Social dynamics of Twitter usage in London, Paris, and New York City. First Monday, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i5.4820

Aji, M. R. (2018). Politikus PKS Mardani Ali Sera bikin Gerakan #2019GantiPresiden [Politician from PKS Mardani Ali Sera created #2019Ganti Presiden movement]. Tempo. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1076303/politikus-pks-mardani-ali-sera-bikin-gerakan-2019gantipresiden/full&view=ok

Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1995). Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.

Ashari, A., Tjoa, A. M., & Riasetiawan, M. (2016). Cloud-based processing for data science visualization. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 7(2), 449-454.

Atkins, J., Finlayson, A., J, M., & Turnbull, N. (2014). Rhetoric in British politics and society. Hampshire: Springer.

Balmas, M., Rahat, G., Sheafer, T., & Shenhav, S. R. (2014). Two routes to personalized politics: Centralized and decentralized personalization. Party Politics, 20(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436037

Blanchet, K., & James, P. (2012). How to do (or not to do)...a social network analysis in health systems research. Health Policy and Planning, 27(5), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr055

Brox, B. J., & Shaw, D. R. (2006). Political parties, American campaigns, and effects on outcomes. In R. S. Katz & W. J. Crotty (Ed.), Handbook of party politics (pp. 146-159). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Burke, K. (1969). A rhetoric of motives. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Chaiken, S., & Ledgerwood, A. (2012). A theory of heuristic and systematic information processing. In P. A. M. Van lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Ed.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 246-266). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Coovert, M. D., & Reeder, G. D. (1990). Negativity effects in impression formation: The role of unit formation and schematic expectations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90061-p

Culnan, M. J., & Markus, M. L. (1987). Information technologies. In F M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 420-443). Newbury Park: CA Sage.

Curini, L., & Martelli, P. (2010). Ideological proximity and valence competition. Negative campaigning through allegation of corruption in the Italian legislative arena from 1946 to 1994. Electoral Studies, 29(4), 636-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2010.06.004

Davis, J. M., & Tuttle, B. M. (2013). A heuristic-systematic model of end-user information processing when encountering IS exceptions. Information & Management, 50(2-3), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2012.09.004

De Brún, A., & McAuliffe, E. (2018). Social network analysis as a methodological approach to explore health systems: A case study exploring support among senior managers/executives in a hospital network. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 511-521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030511

Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: Exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802

Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2012). Comparing Election Campaign Communication. In F. Esser, & T. Hanisch (eds.), The handbook of comparative communication research (pp. 289-307). New York: Routledge.

Franz, M. M., Freedman, P., Goldstein, K., & Ridout, T. N. (2008). Understanding the effect of political advertising on voter turnout: A response to Krasno and Green. The Journal of Politics, 70(1), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381607080188

Fridkin, K. L., & Kenney, P. (2011). Variability in citizens reactions to different types of negative campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00494.x

Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. Oxford University Press, USA.

Hakim, R. N. (2018). Menurut PKS, Tagar "#2019GantiPresiden" Tak Langgar Hukum [According to PKS, hashtag #2019GantiPResiden did not violate the law]. Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/04/04/19172781/menurut-pks-tagar-2019gantipresiden-tak-langgar-hukum

Herrick, J. A. (2017). The history and theory of rhetoric: An introduction. Routledge.

Hikmayanti, H., & Suhada, M. E. (2012). Implementasi Metro Area Network dengan pendekatan Wireless Broadband dan Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON) [Implementation of Metro Area Network using Wireless Broadband and Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON) approach]. Syntax: Jurnal Informatika, 1(01). https://doi.org/10.35706/syji.v1i01.278

Housley, W., Webb, H., Williams, M., Procter, R., Edwards, A., Jirotka, M., ... Williams, M. (2018). Interaction and transformation on social media: The case of Twitter campaigns. Social Media+ Society, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117750721

Hsiao-Hui Wang, E., & CHen, C.-Y. (2011). System quality, user satisfaction, and perceived net benefits of mobile broadband services. Paper Presented at 8th ITS Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, Taipei 2011: Convergence in the Digital Age. International Telecommunications Society (ITS). https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/itsp11/52334.html

Jahanbakhsh, K., King, V., & Shoja, G. C. (2012). Predicting missing contacts in mobile social networks. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 8(5), 698-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2012.07.007

Johnson, J. (2012). Twitter bites and Romney: Examining the rhetorical situation of the 2012 presidential election in 140 characters. Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric, 2(3/4), 54-64.

Kahneman, D., Slovic, S. ., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kennedy, G. (1991). Aristotle, on Rhetoric. A theory of civic discourse. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Khoja-Moolji, S. (2015). Becoming an "intimate publics": Exploring the affective intensities of hashtag feminism. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1008747

Kuwado, F. J. (2018). Besok, Massa Pendukung #2019GantiPresiden Datang ke Seberang Istana [Tomorrow, the supporters of #2019GantiPresiden are coming to the National Palace]. Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/05/19074811/besok-massa-pendukung-2019gantipresiden-datang-ke-seberang-istana

Lachlan, K. A., Westerman, D. K., & Spence, P. R. (2010). Disaster news and subsequent information seeking: Exploring the role of spatial presence and perceptual realism. Electronic News, 4(4), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243110387092

Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1992). Paralanguage and social perception in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 2(3-4), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919399209540190.

Liang, Y. J., & Walther, J. B. (2015). Computer-Mediated Communication. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, 504-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.95090-6

Listiyani, D. (2019). 1,3 juta tweet meriahkan debat perdana Pilpres 2019 [1,3 million tweets enlivened the first debate of president election 2019]. INews Portal. https://www.inews.id/techno/internet/1-3-juta-tweet-meriahkan-debat-perdana-pilpres-2019

Maio, G. R., Haddock, G., & Verplanken, B. (2019). The psychology of attitudes and attitude Change (Third edition). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Makki, S. (2018). KPU: Jumlah pemilih tetap Pemilu 2019 capai 192 juta [the number of fixed voters of the 2019 election reached 192 million]. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181215171713-32-353929/kpu-jumlah-pemilih-tetap-pemilu-2019-capai-192-juta

Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.012

Naren, D. (2018). Sekjen PKS Mardani Ali Sera canangkan Gerakan 2019 Ganti Presiden: Sah, legal dan konstitusional [Secretary General PKS Mardani Ali Sera is planning the #2019 Ganti Presiden movement: legitimate, legal and constitutional]. TribunWow. https://wow.tribunnews.com/2018/03/28/sekjen-pks-mardani-ali-sera-canangkan-gerakan-2019-ganti-presiden-sah-legal-dan-konstitusional?page=all&_ga=2.107107138.159931190.1523411763-1426122679.1523411763

Novak, P. K., Smailovic, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetic, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. PLoS ONE, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296.

Pang, B., Lee, L., & Vaithyanathan, S. (2002). Thumbs up? Sentiment classification using Machine Learning Techniques. Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMLP) (pp. 79-86). https://doi.org/10.1016/0096-6347(45)90048-2

Pang, N., & Law, P. W. (2017). Retweeting# WorldEnvironmentDay: A study of content features and visual rhetoric in an environmental movement. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.003

Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244

Pennings, P., & Hazan, R. Y. (2001). Democratizing candidate selection: Causes and consequences. Party Politics, 7(3), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068801007003001

Poguntke, T., & Webb, P. (2005). The presidentialization of politics in democratic societies: A framework for analysis. In T. Poguntke & P. Webb (Ed.). The presidentialization of politics: A comparative study of modern democracies (pp. 1-25). Oxford University Press.

Rambung, R. A., Sembiring, R. J., Surjati, I., & Mandagi, A. (2017). Implementation of broadband technology Infrastructure using Techno-Economic Analysis (A Case at the Government of West Java Province). Teknik Dan Ilmu Komputer, 6(22).

Ridout, T. N., & Smith, G. R. (2008). Free advertising: How the media amplify campaign messages. Political Research Quarterly, 61(4), 598-608. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1065912908314202

Sadikin, N., Sari, M., & Jumanta, J. (2019). Implementasi jaringan nirkabel BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) menggunakan Wimax [Implementation of BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) wireless network using Wimax]. KILAT, 8(2), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.33322/kilat.v8i2.408

Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E. (1989). Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 105(1), 131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7(3), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295

Suler, J. (2005). The online disinhibition effect. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 2(2), 184-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.42

Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. In M. J. Metzger & A. J. Flanagin (Ed.). Digital media, youth, and credibility (pp. 73-100). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1162/dmal.9780262562324.073

Triyoga, H., & Nugraha, B. (2018). Presiden PKS Sebut Inisiator Gerakan #2019GantiPresiden [The Presiden PKS pointed the initiator of #2019GantiPresiden Movement]. Viva. https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/1024652-presiden-pks-sebut-inisiator-gerakan-2019gantipresiden

Vlatkovic, S. (2018). New communication forms and political framing: Twitter in Donald Trump's presidential campaign. AM Casopis Za Studije Umetnosti i Medija, 16, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i16.259

Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. The Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, 4, 443-479.

Wang, H., Can, D., Kazemzadeh, A., Bar, F., & Narayanan, S. (2012). A system for real-time Twitter sentiment analysis of 2012 U.S. presidential election cycle. Paper Presented at The 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 8-14 July 2012.

Weller, K., Bruns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M., & Puschmann, C. (2014). Twitter and society. New York: Peter Lang.

Zappavigna, M. (2011). Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media and Society, 13(5), 788-806. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385097




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v17i2.17045

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal
ISSN 1693-7236 (print), 2598-6368 (online)
Email : humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats
 

View My Stats